{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412403734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698","title":"An All-Digital 8.6-nJ/Frame 65-nm Tsetlin Machine Image Classification Accelerator","display_name":"An All-Digital 8.6-nJ/Frame 65-nm Tsetlin Machine Image Classification Accelerator","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412403734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033630071","display_name":"Svein Anders Tunheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7947-8485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Svein Anders Tunheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035047186","display_name":"Yujin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088563530","display_name":"Lei Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-6489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077777787","display_name":"Rishad Shafik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5444-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishad Shafik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029446985","display_name":"Alex Yakovlev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0826-9330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Yakovlev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsystems Group, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071922620","display_name":"Ole\u2010Christoffer Granmo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7287-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200650556","display_name":"University of Agder","ror":"https://ror.org/03x297z98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ole Christoffer Granmo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033630071"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200650556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89645238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"1107","last_page":"1120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5935938358306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5553704500198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4644031524658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3223280906677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20324477553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.162175714969635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5935938358306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5553704500198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4644031524658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3223280906677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20324477553367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.162175714969635}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3586698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125263803","https://openalex.org/W2171865010","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2845210056","https://openalex.org/W2894696827","https://openalex.org/W2922220370","https://openalex.org/W2954785594","https://openalex.org/W2963145956","https://openalex.org/W3016163932","https://openalex.org/W3043722257","https://openalex.org/W3046926000","https://openalex.org/W3048439881","https://openalex.org/W3080976800","https://openalex.org/W3110533210","https://openalex.org/W3184548748","https://openalex.org/W3199276130","https://openalex.org/W4318954127","https://openalex.org/W4323065918","https://openalex.org/W4385767826","https://openalex.org/W4386859268","https://openalex.org/W4387424305","https://openalex.org/W4390993522","https://openalex.org/W4391183672","https://openalex.org/W4392412895","https://openalex.org/W4402571700","https://openalex.org/W4402811198","https://openalex.org/W4403721254","https://openalex.org/W4405717358","https://openalex.org/W4406474208","https://openalex.org/W4407937120","https://openalex.org/W4408793067","https://openalex.org/W4410152908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2,22,105],"all-digital":[3],"programmable":[4],"machine":[5,16,24],"learning":[6,25],"accelerator":[7,38,121,171],"chip":[8,93],"for":[9,146,152,179],"image":[10,156],"classification,":[11],"underpinning":[12],"on":[13,28],"the":[14,40,120,136,139,143,180,188],"Tsetlin":[15,85],"(TM)":[17],"principles.":[18],"The":[19,37,92,150,170],"TM":[20,42,189],"is":[21,67,77,94,157],"emerging":[23],"algorithm":[26],"founded":[27],"propositional":[29],"logic,":[30],"utilizing":[31],"sub-pattern":[32],"recognition":[33],"expressions":[34],"called":[35],"clauses.":[36],"implements":[39],"coalesced":[41],"version":[43],"with":[44,59,64],"convolution,":[45],"and":[46,84,103,128,175,184],"classifies":[47],"booleanized":[48],"images":[49],"of":[50,108,117,138],"<inline-formula":[51,158],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[52,111,159],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[53,160],"<tex-math":[54,161],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$28\\times":[55],"28$</tex-math>":[56],"</inline-formula>":[57],"pixels":[58],"10":[60],"categories.":[61],"A":[62],"configuration":[63],"128":[65],"clauses":[66],"used":[68],"in":[69,90,96],"a":[70,97,114,154],"highly":[71],"parallel":[72],"architecture.":[73],"Fast":[74],"clause":[75,82],"evaluation":[76],"achieved":[78],"by":[79],"keeping":[80],"all":[81],"weights":[83],"automata":[86],"(TA)":[87],"action":[88],"signals":[89],"registers.":[91],"implemented":[95],"65":[98],"nm":[99],"low-leakage":[100],"CMOS":[101],"technology,":[102],"occupies":[104],"active":[106],"area":[107],"2.7":[109],"mm<sup":[110],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>.":[112],"At":[113],"clock":[115],"frequency":[116],"27.8":[118],"MHz,":[119],"achieves":[122,172],"60.3":[123],"k":[124],"classifications":[125],"per":[126,132],"second,":[127],"consumes":[129],"8.6":[130],"nJ":[131],"classification.":[133],"This":[134],"demonstrates":[135],"energy-efficiency":[137],"TM,":[140],"which":[141,165],"was":[142],"main":[144],"motivation":[145],"developing":[147],"this":[148],"chip.":[149],"latency":[151],"classifying":[153],"single":[155],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$25.4~\\mu":[162],"$</tex-math>":[163],"</inline-formula>s":[164],"includes":[166],"system":[167],"timing":[168],"overhead.":[169],"97.42%,":[173],"84.54%":[174],"82.55%":[176],"test":[177],"accuracies":[178],"datasets":[181],"MNIST,":[182],"Fashion-MNIST":[183],"Kuzushiji-MNIST,":[185],"respectively,":[186],"matching":[187],"software":[190],"models.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}