{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411724987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398","title":"AM-CIM: Approximate Memory Based Near Sensor Compute-in-Memory Architecture for Keyword Spotting","display_name":"AM-CIM: Approximate Memory Based Near Sensor Compute-in-Memory Architecture for Keyword Spotting","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411724987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041130162","display_name":"Yuhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7400-8900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916099","display_name":"Xiaotao Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2207-6092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotao Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108503624","display_name":"Guangcai Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100976","display_name":"BOE Technology Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwwvj38","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangcai Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["BOE Technology Group Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BOE Technology Group Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087668411","display_name":"Jianyi Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069699411","display_name":"Cong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0040-4411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075311656","display_name":"Qi Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3189-7562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018693228","display_name":"Youguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0928-4210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066473925","display_name":"Weisheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-0404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063901096","display_name":"Fei Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-9590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041130162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24628486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"12","first_page":"7928","last_page":"7939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9632999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13062","display_name":"Cognitive Computing and Networks","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.7632801532745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6900534629821777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5840703248977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-architecture","display_name":"Memory architecture","score":0.47753822803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.47744375467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3840515613555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32955458760261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3095844089984894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15473812818527222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.7632801532745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6900534629821777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5840703248977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15544750","display_name":"Memory architecture","level":2,"score":0.47753822803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.47744375467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3840515613555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32955458760261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3095844089984894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15473812818527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3580398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3637174182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62334006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7480401652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92164203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8670798065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92364201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329777","display_name":"Beijing National Research Center For Information Science And Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W1969911580","https://openalex.org/W2011571622","https://openalex.org/W2020217519","https://openalex.org/W2045881697","https://openalex.org/W2048497537","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2603567530","https://openalex.org/W2802549914","https://openalex.org/W2889292885","https://openalex.org/W2907542586","https://openalex.org/W2944851425","https://openalex.org/W2963608065","https://openalex.org/W3000623753","https://openalex.org/W3010900367","https://openalex.org/W3014146919","https://openalex.org/W3015271406","https://openalex.org/W3019227464","https://openalex.org/W3096125705","https://openalex.org/W3135778105","https://openalex.org/W3172819050","https://openalex.org/W4221039638","https://openalex.org/W4282025104","https://openalex.org/W4285224206","https://openalex.org/W4286359898","https://openalex.org/W4296704900","https://openalex.org/W4307814148","https://openalex.org/W4312739039","https://openalex.org/W4312993714","https://openalex.org/W4313289674","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4360600556","https://openalex.org/W4385267171","https://openalex.org/W4388854020","https://openalex.org/W4389065359","https://openalex.org/W4390498996","https://openalex.org/W4394676486","https://openalex.org/W4398232972","https://openalex.org/W4400233216","https://openalex.org/W4401809287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918559346","https://openalex.org/W2114097550","https://openalex.org/W4286904253","https://openalex.org/W3119978414","https://openalex.org/W2516975559","https://openalex.org/W3206647229","https://openalex.org/W4408353962","https://openalex.org/W1969408022","https://openalex.org/W2000885660","https://openalex.org/W2545741539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compute-In-Memory":[0],"(CIM)":[1],"has":[2],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,40,129,136],"a":[5,15,64,111,121,147,176],"promising":[6],"solution":[7],"to":[8,102,128],"address":[9,58],"the":[10,90,137,141,144,164],"von-Neumann":[11],"bottleneck,":[12],"making":[13],"it":[14],"key":[16],"technology":[17,86,161],"for":[18,26,75,97,172],"intelligent":[19],"computing":[20],"in":[21,45,105,119,150],"edge":[22],"IoT":[23],"devices,":[24],"particularly":[25],"real-time":[27,80],"applications":[28],"like":[29],"keyword":[30],"spotting":[31],"(KWS).":[32],"However,":[33],"traditional":[34],"CIM":[35,66],"architectures":[36],"face":[37],"challenges":[38],"such":[39],"high":[41],"resource":[42],"consumption,":[43],"especially":[44],"data":[46,94],"conversion,":[47],"which":[48,100],"can":[49],"significantly":[50],"impact":[51],"chip":[52],"area":[53,191],"and":[54],"energy":[55],"efficiency.":[56],"To":[57,115],"these":[59],"challenges,":[60],"this":[61],"work":[62],"proposes":[63],"computational":[65],"architecture":[67,166],"utilizing":[68],"multilevel":[69],"analog":[70,98,189],"memory,":[71],"named":[72],"AM-CIM,":[73,120],"tailored":[74],"near-sensor":[76,142],"(NS)":[77],"computation":[78],"of":[79,170,179],"KWS":[81,117],"applications.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"approximate":[84],"memory":[85,99,190],"is":[87,131],"integrated":[88],"into":[89],"AM-CIM":[91,165],"architecture,":[92],"employing":[93,134],"resilience":[95],"scheduling":[96],"contributes":[101],"significant":[103],"reductions":[104],"hardware":[106],"overhead.":[107],"This":[108],"integration":[109],"facilitates":[110],"hardware-software":[112],"co-design":[113],"approach.":[114],"deploy":[116],"tasks":[118],"gated":[122],"recurrent":[123],"unit":[124],"(GRU)":[125],"network,":[126],"referred":[127],"MAC-GRU,":[130],"implemented.":[132],"By":[133],"Mel-energy":[135],"input":[138],"feature":[139,151],"at":[140],"end,":[143],"system":[145],"achieves":[146,167],"93.13%":[148],"reduction":[149],"extraction":[152],"power":[153,177],"consumption.":[154],"Evaluation":[155],"results":[156],"based":[157],"on":[158],"TSMC":[159],"180-nm":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"that":[163],"an":[168],"accuracy":[169],"88.51%":[171],"10-keyword":[173],"classification":[174],"with":[175],"consumption":[178],"<inline-formula":[180],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[181],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[182],"<tex-math":[183],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$546~\\mu":[184],"W$</tex-math>":[185],"</inline-formula>,":[186],"while":[187],"reducing":[188],"by":[192],"43.32%.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-28T02:08:47.144824","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}