{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410114607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950","title":"A 4-Element Passive-Beamforming CT- \u0394\u03a3 ADC for Spatial Selectivity in Automotive Radar","display_name":"A 4-Element Passive-Beamforming CT- \u0394\u03a3 ADC for Spatial Selectivity in Automotive Radar","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410114607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/366051389/A_4-Element_Passive-Beamforming_CT-_ADC_for_Spatial_Selectivity_in_Automotive_Radar.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020676760","display_name":"R. Schalk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Remco Schalk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5672-6657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zitao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034657298","display_name":"M. Neofytou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios Neofytou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114373058","display_name":"Patrick van Mourik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick van Mourik","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011693080","display_name":"Qilong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-6785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qilong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-6785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080137587","display_name":"Shagun Bajoria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-6578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shagun Bajoria","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-6578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006346153","display_name":"Georgi Radulov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0746-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgi Radulov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Circuits Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055556201","display_name":"Lucien J. Breems","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-4162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109147379","display_name":"NXP (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucien Breems","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6984-4162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductors, Eindhoven, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109147379"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020676760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65506797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"9","first_page":"4431","last_page":"4441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6130675673484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4223147928714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41362565755844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34353119134902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3210465908050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2850494384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16066506505012512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6130675673484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4223147928714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41362565755844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34353119134902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3210465908050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2850494384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16066506505012512}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3561950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/6b768d88-82ef-4197-91cb-f21c518b9bf6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/6b768d88-82ef-4197-91cb-f21c518b9bf6","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/366051389/A_4-Element_Passive-Beamforming_CT-_ADC_for_Spatial_Selectivity_in_Automotive_Radar.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Schalk, R, Zhu, Z, Neofytou, M, van Mourik, P, Liu, Q, Bajoria, S, Radulov, G I & Breems, L J 2025, 'A 4-Element Passive-Beamforming CT-\u0394\u03a3 ADC for Spatial Selectivity in Automotive Radar', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 72, no. 9, 10988783, pp. 4431-4441. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3561950","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.tue.nl:publications/6b768d88-82ef-4197-91cb-f21c518b9bf6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/6b768d88-82ef-4197-91cb-f21c518b9bf6","pdf_url":"https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/366051389/A_4-Element_Passive-Beamforming_CT-_ADC_for_Spatial_Selectivity_in_Automotive_Radar.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922641","display_name":"TU/e Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Schalk, R, Zhu, Z, Neofytou, M, van Mourik, P, Liu, Q, Bajoria, S, Radulov, G I & Breems, L J 2025, 'A 4-Element Passive-Beamforming CT-\u0394\u03a3 ADC for Spatial Selectivity in Automotive Radar', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 72, no. 9, 10988783, pp. 4431-4441. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2025.3561950","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321651","display_name":"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410114607.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410114607.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966213888","https://openalex.org/W2018354759","https://openalex.org/W2045298145","https://openalex.org/W2058178365","https://openalex.org/W2072218673","https://openalex.org/W2087197804","https://openalex.org/W2091316804","https://openalex.org/W2099296290","https://openalex.org/W2114691954","https://openalex.org/W2124081222","https://openalex.org/W2146515489","https://openalex.org/W2343769708","https://openalex.org/W2513879943","https://openalex.org/W2559685583","https://openalex.org/W2620866984","https://openalex.org/W2792487412","https://openalex.org/W2800155998","https://openalex.org/W2802330247","https://openalex.org/W2802759264","https://openalex.org/W2896094378","https://openalex.org/W2913917836","https://openalex.org/W3094082325","https://openalex.org/W3179969228","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W4296338015","https://openalex.org/W4392739473","https://openalex.org/W4403677848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4413159334","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W4409278740"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,58],"work":[1,59],"demonstrates":[2],"the":[3,17,82,86],"benefit":[4],"of":[5,44,62,78],"spatial":[6,74],"selectivity":[7],"that":[8],"a":[9,45],"4-element":[10],"passive-beamforming":[11],"continuous-time":[12],"ADC":[13],"can":[14],"offer":[15],"for":[16,90],"extreme":[18],"dynamic":[19,76],"range":[20,77],"requirements":[21],"in":[22,29,39],"automotive":[23],"radar.":[24],"The":[25,95],"beamforming-ADC":[26,96],"is":[27,93],"implemented":[28],"40nm":[30],"CMOS":[31],"by":[32],"R2R-based":[33],"vector":[34],"modulators":[35],"as":[36],"feed-in":[37],"coefficients":[38],"combination":[40],"with":[41],"low-power":[42],"implementations":[43],"4th-order":[46],"inverter-based":[47],"loop-filter,":[48],"4-bit":[49,54],"asynchronous":[50],"SAR-based":[51],"quantizer":[52],"and":[53],"current-steering":[55],"feedback":[56],"DACs.":[57],"obtains":[60],">30dB":[61],"interferer":[63],"suppression":[64],"when":[65],"deep":[66],"notches":[67],"are":[68],"formed":[69],"to":[70,84,88],"obtain":[71],"an":[72],"effective":[73],"blocker":[75],"73.1dB.":[79],"With":[80],"notch-smoothing,":[81],"versatility":[83],"reduce":[85],"peak-to-notch-depth":[87],"8dB":[89],"channel":[91],"equalization":[92],"demonstrated.":[94],"consumes":[97],"7.3mW.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}