{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409257358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895","title":"A Fully-Integrated Many-Electrodes Pulsed-Voltage Control Architecture for Arbitrary-Waveform Neural Stimulation With High Energy Efficiency","display_name":"A Fully-Integrated Many-Electrodes Pulsed-Voltage Control Architecture for Arbitrary-Waveform Neural Stimulation With High Energy Efficiency","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409257358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/764392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072063819","display_name":"Sergio Massaioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8419-9904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Massaioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8419-9904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040162209","display_name":"Marco Francesco Carlino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-977X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco F. Carlino","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-977X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029270525","display_name":"Georges Gielen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges G. E. Gielen","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESAT-MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072063819"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6153,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81441302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"5447","last_page":"5456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7751774787902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.5634028315544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5498244762420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5358736515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5062609910964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4287969470024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.41023266315460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4039996266365051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.32739734649658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2732883095741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.268765389919281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7751774787902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.5634028315544128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5498244762420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5358736515045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5062609910964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4287969470024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41023266315460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4039996266365051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.32739734649658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2732883095741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.268765389919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3555895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/764392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/764392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 72 (10), (5447-5456)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/764392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/764392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 72 (10), (5447-5456)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298931967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S000221N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969369691","https://openalex.org/W1982072818","https://openalex.org/W1992034695","https://openalex.org/W2033804792","https://openalex.org/W2045495785","https://openalex.org/W2050676600","https://openalex.org/W2066770019","https://openalex.org/W2096424603","https://openalex.org/W2101656718","https://openalex.org/W2112854909","https://openalex.org/W2118727287","https://openalex.org/W2126012359","https://openalex.org/W2128188461","https://openalex.org/W2153787766","https://openalex.org/W2160147751","https://openalex.org/W2165324146","https://openalex.org/W2213006008","https://openalex.org/W2441946257","https://openalex.org/W2790254599","https://openalex.org/W2794467829","https://openalex.org/W2886606287","https://openalex.org/W2927492584","https://openalex.org/W2975591598","https://openalex.org/W3025507103","https://openalex.org/W3199544981","https://openalex.org/W3199832236","https://openalex.org/W4205237820","https://openalex.org/W4248262636","https://openalex.org/W4293660913","https://openalex.org/W4312319340","https://openalex.org/W4381199068","https://openalex.org/W4390035590","https://openalex.org/W4390993457","https://openalex.org/W4390993579","https://openalex.org/W4393139857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2129841057","https://openalex.org/W3111172706","https://openalex.org/W2652100805","https://openalex.org/W4313678637","https://openalex.org/W2060783181","https://openalex.org/W2954046924","https://openalex.org/W2115378283","https://openalex.org/W3131410704","https://openalex.org/W2376818140"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deeply":[0],"implantable":[1],"neural":[2,224],"stimulation":[3,108],"calls":[4],"for":[5,217,220],"architectural":[6],"solutions":[7],"that":[8,15,196,210],"are":[9],"small,":[10],"efficient":[11],"and":[12,14,53,71,163,222],"flexible,":[13],"can":[16],"stimulate":[17],"many":[18],"electrodes.":[19],"To":[20],"this":[21,23,211],"end,":[22],"paper":[24],"proposes":[25],"the":[26,59,63,83,105,123,126,133,141,180,185,189],"use":[27],"of":[28,97,125,135,140,167,188],"a":[29,36,78,146,151,192,214],"pulsed":[30],"(chopped)":[31],"voltage":[32,70,113],"stimulator,":[33],"implemented":[34],"using":[35],"low-complexity":[37],"switch":[38],"network":[39],"with":[40,145],"fully":[41],"adaptive":[42],"real-time":[43],"control.":[44],"The":[45,75,88,138,207],"fully-integrated":[46],"control":[47],"architecture":[48,76,142,212],"guarantees":[49],"current":[50],"waveform":[51,90,109],"reconstruction":[52],"charge":[54,60,94,121,136],"balancing":[55,127],"by":[56,100,131],"continuously":[57],"monitoring":[58,114],"delivered":[61],"to":[62,118,199],"electrode,":[64],"thus":[65],"offering":[66],"robustness":[67],"towards":[68],"power-supply":[69],"electrode":[72],"impedance":[73],"variations.":[74],"has":[77,164],"high":[79],"energy":[80,194],"efficiency":[81,195],"across":[82],"entire":[84,181],"output":[85,89,182],"operating":[86,183],"range.":[87],"is":[91,110,116,129,143,197,213],"generated":[92],"in":[93,150],"samples":[95],"(slices)":[96],"controlled":[98],"amount;":[99],"controlling":[101],"these":[102],"slices":[103],"properly,":[104],"desired":[106],"arbitrary":[107],"constructed.":[111],"A":[112],"circuit":[115],"used":[117],"apply":[119],"active":[120],"balancing;":[122],"duration":[124],"phase":[128],"adjusted":[130],"varying":[132],"number":[134],"samples.":[137],"feasibility":[139],"demonstrated":[144],"chip":[147],"prototype":[148,190],"manufactured":[149],"<roman":[152,156,169],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[153,157,170,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">180":[154],"nm</roman>,":[155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1.8":[158],"V/5":[159],"V</roman>":[160],"CMOS":[161],"process,":[162],"an":[165],"area":[166],"only":[168],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">0.027":[171],"mm</roman><sup":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><roman>2</roman></sup>":[174],"per":[175],"non-multiplexed":[176],"stimulator":[177],"channel.":[178],"Across":[179],"range,":[184],"experimental":[186],"validation":[187],"demonstrates":[191],"source":[193],"up":[198],"35":[200],"%":[201],"better":[202],"than":[203],"previously":[204],"published":[205],"implementations.":[206],"results":[208],"show":[209],"viable":[215],"solution":[216],"next-generation":[218],"systems":[219],"neuromodulation":[221],"closed-loop":[223],"monitoring.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
