{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408780397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876","title":"Analog VLSI Implementation of Subthreshold Spiking Neural Networks and Its Application to Reservoir Computing","display_name":"Analog VLSI Implementation of Subthreshold Spiking Neural Networks and Its Application to Reservoir Computing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408780397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057396131","display_name":"Satoshi Moriya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-5806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Moriya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111319824","display_name":"Masaya Ishikawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2265-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaya Ishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013731608","display_name":"Satoshi Ono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5631-5923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Ono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050554151","display_name":"Hideaki Yamamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-5376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideaki Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050845057","display_name":"Yasushi Yuminaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-8041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165735259","display_name":"Gunma University","ror":"https://ror.org/046fm7598","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165735259"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasushi Yuminaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165735259"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024981383","display_name":"Yoshihiko Horio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0115-3095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshihiko Horio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066417700","display_name":"Jordi Madrenas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5905-9179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordi Madrenas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat PolitC(cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polit&#x00E8;cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat PolitC(cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101424735","display_name":"Shigeo Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-357X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeo Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057396131"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99092107,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"5571","last_page":"5582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subthreshold-conduction","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","score":0.8540345430374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-large-scale-integration","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","score":0.7701475620269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-computing","display_name":"Reservoir computing","score":0.6762836575508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6432651281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5995236039161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.4954439401626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4090195298194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3032717704772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.24406903982162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22689169645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1999153196811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18976131081581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.13252750039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.12297472357749939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156465305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658601","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","level":4,"score":0.8540345430374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.7701475620269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135796866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315328","display_name":"Reservoir computing","level":4,"score":0.6762836575508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6432651281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5995236039161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4954439401626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4090195298194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3032717704772949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.24406903982162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22689169645309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1999153196811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18976131081581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.13252750039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.12297472357749939}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3550876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/428873","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/428873","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3192662224","https://openalex.org/W4389072666","https://openalex.org/W2887258823","https://openalex.org/W4300888463","https://openalex.org/W2998821156","https://openalex.org/W2949388105","https://openalex.org/W4226454644","https://openalex.org/W4288089155","https://openalex.org/W4379031451","https://openalex.org/W2982420760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"computing":[1,27,160],"achieves":[2],"highly":[3],"energy-efficient":[4],"computations":[5],"while":[6],"adapting":[7],"to":[8,133,152],"environmental":[9],"changes.":[10],"Processing":[11],"time":[12],"series":[13],"data":[14],"by":[15,143],"spiking":[16,56,59,145],"neural":[17,60,146],"networks":[18],"can":[19],"further":[20],"reduce":[21],"the":[22,32,35,41,66,78,88,94,139,144],"power":[23],"consumption":[24,76],"of":[25,31,65,69,77,175],"neuromorphic":[26,177],"devices":[28],"because":[29],"most":[30],"energy":[33,75],"in":[34,93,111],"network":[36,61,147],"is":[37],"consumed":[38],"only":[39],"when":[40,87],"neuron":[42,57],"generates":[43],"and":[44,58],"transmits":[45],"a":[46,82,112,158],"spike.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"study,":[50],"we":[51],"designed":[52],"fully":[53],"analog":[54,72,104],"two-variable":[55],"circuits,":[62],"taking":[63],"advantage":[64],"physical":[67],"properties":[68],"transistors":[70,90],"as":[71],"devices.":[73],"The":[74,97,122],"circuit":[79,109,148],"for":[80],"generating":[81],"spike":[83,126,140],"was":[84,149],"22.7":[85],"fJ/spike":[86],"MOS":[89],"were":[91,100],"operating":[92],"subthreshold":[95,130],"region.":[96],"proposed":[98],"circuits":[99,123],"implemented":[101],"on":[102],"an":[103],"very":[105],"large-scale":[106],"integrated":[107],"(VLSI)":[108],"chip":[110,134],"<inline-formula":[113],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[114],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[115],"<tex-math":[116],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.18~\\mu":[117],"$":[118],"</tex-math></inline-formula>m":[119],"CMOS":[120],"process.":[121],"exhibit":[124],"complex":[125],"dynamics":[127],"even":[128],"under":[129],"operation":[131],"according":[132],"measurements.":[135],"We":[136],"demonstrated":[137],"that":[138],"sequence":[141],"generated":[142],"successfully":[150],"applied":[151],"spoken":[153],"digit":[154],"recognition":[155],"tasks":[156],"via":[157],"reservoir":[159],"framework":[161],"with":[162],"14.4":[163],"fJ/SOP":[164],"efficiency.":[165],"These":[166],"results":[167],"provide":[168],"important":[169],"insights":[170],"into":[171],"edge":[172],"AI":[173],"applications":[174],"SNN-based":[176],"hardware.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}