{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406610088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119","title":"Fast Hardware Architecture With Efficient Matrix Computations for the Key Generation of Classic McEliece","display_name":"Fast Hardware Architecture With Efficient Matrix Computations for the Key Generation of Classic McEliece","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406610088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016298198","display_name":"H. C. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-4941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4284-4941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078000575","display_name":"Xinyuan Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-8809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyuan Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-8809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046054983","display_name":"Jing Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-523X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-523X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055624939","display_name":"Suwen Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suwen Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-6582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696999","display_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-4786","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.377,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73563976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"3","first_page":"1321","last_page":"1331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.8075000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.8075000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.7132999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.6607999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mceliece-cryptosystem","display_name":"McEliece cryptosystem","score":0.6786595582962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6346401572227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5888454914093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5791565775871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5764292478561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4863486886024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4581214189529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3959636986255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.38226979970932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3532569408416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.33575528860092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22478681802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21683800220489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.20635077357292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1701861321926117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.12938565015792847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16935551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042583","display_name":"McEliece cryptosystem","level":4,"score":0.6786595582962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6346401572227478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5888454914093018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5791565775871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5764292478561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4863486886024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4581214189529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3959636986255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.38226979970932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3532569408416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.33575528860092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22478681802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21683800220489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.20635077357292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1701861321926117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.12938565015792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2025.3528119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4350858411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023QNRC001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330170","funder_display_name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Tianjin"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4941541027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62104097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8356414291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62304103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330170","display_name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Tianjin","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508634734","https://openalex.org/W1528935082","https://openalex.org/W1980822076","https://openalex.org/W1990361074","https://openalex.org/W2000433026","https://openalex.org/W2097088761","https://openalex.org/W2098750211","https://openalex.org/W2122702887","https://openalex.org/W2134732546","https://openalex.org/W2136570131","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2588463082","https://openalex.org/W2740546450","https://openalex.org/W2792799638","https://openalex.org/W2795080420","https://openalex.org/W2963726862","https://openalex.org/W3006429091","https://openalex.org/W3089646287","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3128463694","https://openalex.org/W3159063726","https://openalex.org/W3161871854","https://openalex.org/W3202780256","https://openalex.org/W3207236630","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4255021787","https://openalex.org/W4293077480","https://openalex.org/W4310585684","https://openalex.org/W4377969817","https://openalex.org/W4385080145","https://openalex.org/W4386763832","https://openalex.org/W4391916556","https://openalex.org/W4392667799","https://openalex.org/W4392753789","https://openalex.org/W6770380337","https://openalex.org/W6797158879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516862653","https://openalex.org/W4250694056","https://openalex.org/W2529734863","https://openalex.org/W2949842450","https://openalex.org/W2084291137","https://openalex.org/W3028851644","https://openalex.org/W2059211373","https://openalex.org/W2149636648","https://openalex.org/W641845919","https://openalex.org/W2100679162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classic":[0,180],"McEliece,":[1],"with":[2,90,119],"a":[3,55,85,120,125],"remarkably":[4],"stable":[5],"security":[6],"level,":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"selected":[10],"as":[11],"one":[12],"of":[13,22,29,32,59,75,170],"the":[14,19,23,60,68,73,79,111,133,137,146,158,163,167,171,184],"four":[15],"key-establishment":[16],"algorithms":[17],"in":[18,193],"fourth-round":[20],"evaluation":[21],"post-quantum":[24],"cryptography":[25],"(PQC)":[26],"standardization":[27],"process":[28,82],"national":[30],"institute":[31],"standards":[33],"and":[34,40,78,83,87,104,124],"technology":[35],"(NIST).":[36],"However,":[37],"its":[38],"memory-intensive":[39],"time-consuming":[41],"key":[42,61,147,168],"generation":[43,62,103,148,169],"poses":[44],"an":[45,97],"obstacle":[46],"to":[47,109,154,157,162,189],"widespread":[48],"use.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,71],"propose":[54],"fast":[56],"hardware":[57,164],"implementation":[58,139],"incorporating":[63],"several":[64,194],"architectural":[65],"optimizations.":[66],"For":[67],"Gaussian":[69,105],"elimination,":[70],"optimize":[72],"scheduling":[74],"computing":[76],"resources":[77],"memory":[80],"access":[81],"present":[84],"high-performance":[86],"flexible":[88],"systemizer":[89],"multiple":[91],"low":[92],"fan-out":[93],"systolic":[94],"arrays.":[95],"Besides,":[96],"algorithmic-level":[98],"parallelized":[99],"design":[100],"for":[101,145,166,179],"entry":[102,117],"elimination":[106],"is":[107],"proposed":[108],"reduce":[110],"redundant":[112],"computation":[113],"time.":[114],"A":[115],"compact":[116],"generator":[118],"multi-level":[121],"feedback":[122],"mechanism":[123],"2-D":[126],"high-speed":[127],"FFT":[128],"module":[129],"facilitates":[130],"continuous":[131],"streaming":[132],"generated":[134],"entries":[135],"into":[136],"systemizer.FPGA":[138],"results":[140,192],"show":[141],"that":[142],"our":[143],"designs":[144],"improve":[149],"time-area":[150],"efficiency":[151],"by":[152],"11.9%":[153],"43.2%":[155],"compared":[156,161],"state-of-the-arts.":[159],"Moreover,":[160],"implementations":[165],"other":[172],"two":[173],"quasi-cyclic":[174],"code-based":[175],"PQC":[176],"algorithms,":[177],"ours":[178],"McEliece":[181],"based":[182],"on":[183],"random":[185],"code":[186],"achieves":[187],"close":[188],"or":[190],"better":[191],"metrics.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}