{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404809432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264","title":"FREYA: A 0.023-mm\u00b2/Channel, 20.8- \u03bcW/Channel, Event-Driven 8-Channel SoC for Spiking End-to-End Sensing of Time-Sparse Biosignals","display_name":"FREYA: A 0.023-mm\u00b2/Channel, 20.8- \u03bcW/Channel, Event-Driven 8-Channel SoC for Spiking End-to-End Sensing of Time-Sparse Biosignals","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404809432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/79271a63-05dd-497e-842c-4dac4d71a658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077592280","display_name":"Jonah Van Assche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-0184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonah Van Assche","raw_affiliation_strings":["MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-0184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053902946","display_name":"Charlotte Frenkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-0288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Frenkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Micro-Electronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands","Department of Micro-Electronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-0288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro-Electronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Micro-Electronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073202321","display_name":"Ali Safa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5768-8633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Safa","raw_affiliation_strings":["MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5768-8633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029270525","display_name":"Georges Gielen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Gielen","raw_affiliation_strings":["MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4061-9428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MICAS Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077592280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.707,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67914504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"3","first_page":"1093","last_page":"1104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.8035874366760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5337041020393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44218480587005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3381200432777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22472766041755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21693679690361023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.8035874366760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5337041020393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44218480587005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3381200432777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22472766041755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21693679690361023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3504264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/755644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/755644","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/79271a63-05dd-497e-842c-4dac4d71a658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ieee Transactions On Circuits And Systems I-Regular Papers, vol. 72 (3), (1093-1104)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/755644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/755644","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/79271a63-05dd-497e-842c-4dac4d71a658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ieee Transactions On Circuits And Systems I-Regular Papers, vol. 72 (3), (1093-1104)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298931967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S000221N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404809432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404809432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1806144281","https://openalex.org/W1906184128","https://openalex.org/W1964434678","https://openalex.org/W1977065472","https://openalex.org/W2046480837","https://openalex.org/W2088350283","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2103474482","https://openalex.org/W2111186324","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2524756965","https://openalex.org/W2586356224","https://openalex.org/W2742108262","https://openalex.org/W2793901141","https://openalex.org/W2798690537","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2987000667","https://openalex.org/W3088897872","https://openalex.org/W3165298721","https://openalex.org/W3201215469","https://openalex.org/W3203562174","https://openalex.org/W4285106596","https://openalex.org/W4292257940","https://openalex.org/W4308481155","https://openalex.org/W4313503347","https://openalex.org/W4365151188","https://openalex.org/W4376851082","https://openalex.org/W4385187395","https://openalex.org/W4387411201","https://openalex.org/W4390993487","https://openalex.org/W4391768381","https://openalex.org/W4392904596","https://openalex.org/W4392904786","https://openalex.org/W4394730973","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6754595668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biomedical":[0],"systems-on-chip":[1],"(SoCs)":[2],"for":[3,112,145,186,206,302],"real-time":[4],"monitoring":[5],"of":[6,43,115,122,210,241,260,267,273,294],"vital":[7],"signs":[8],"need":[9],"to":[10,161],"read":[11],"out":[12],"multiple":[13,196],"recording":[14],"channels":[15],"in":[16,158,230,246,307],"parallel":[17],"and":[18,30,90,93,164,168,190,214,290],"process":[19,55],"them":[20],"locally":[21],"with":[22],"low":[23,27],"latency,":[24],"at":[25],"a":[26,180,200,231,237,248,270,292],"per-channel":[28,238],"area":[29,89,240],"power":[31,91],"consumption.":[32],"To":[33,99],"achieve":[34],"this,":[35],"event-driven":[36,78,82,110,188,305],"SoCs":[37,63,306],"that":[38,137,154,184,191],"exploit":[39],"the":[40,47,56,123,207,211,258,261,264,278,300],"time-sparse":[41,65,116],"nature":[42],"biosignals":[44,66],"such":[45],"as":[46],"electrocardiogram":[48],"(ECG)":[49],"have":[50],"been":[51,228],"proposed;":[52],"they":[53],"only":[54,295],"signal":[57,79,222],"when":[58],"it":[59],"shows":[60],"activity.":[61],"Such":[62],"convert":[64],"into":[67,142],"spike":[68],"trains,":[69],"on":[70,101,179],"which":[71],"spiking":[72],"neural":[73],"networks":[74],"(SNNs)":[75],"can":[76,192],"perform":[77],"classification.":[80],"State-of-the-art":[81],"SoCs,":[83],"however,":[84],"still":[85],"suffer":[86],"from":[87],"poor":[88],"efficiency":[92],"use":[94,265],"inflexible,":[95],"hard-coded":[96],"spike-encoding":[97,152,212],"schemes.":[98],"improve":[100],"these":[102],"challenges,":[103],"this":[104],"paper":[105],"presents":[106],"FREYA,":[107],"an":[108,128,146,150,172],"8-channel":[109,129],"SoC":[111,120],"end-to-end":[113,203],"sensing":[114,197],"biosignals.":[117],"The":[118],"proposed":[119],"consists":[121],"following":[124],"key":[125],"contributions:":[126],"1)":[127],"time-division-multiplexed":[130],"level-crossing":[131],"sampling":[132],"(LCS)":[133],"analog-to-spike":[134],"converter":[135],"(ASC)":[136],"encodes":[138],"analog":[139],"input":[140,143],"signals":[141],"spikes":[144],"on-chip":[147,173],"SNN;":[148],"2)":[149],"ASC":[151],"algorithm":[153,166,213],"is":[155,275],"fully":[156],"programmable":[157,181],"resolution":[159],"(4":[160],"8":[162],"bits)":[163],"conversion":[165],"(offset":[167],"decay":[169],"parameters);":[170],"3)":[171],"integrated,":[174],"flexible":[175],"SNN":[176,215],"processor":[177],"based":[178],"crossbar":[182],"architecture,":[183],"allows":[185],"efficient":[187],"processing,":[189],"be":[193],"reconfigured":[194],"towards":[195,217],"applications;":[198],"4)":[199],"custom":[201],"offline":[202],"training":[204],"framework":[205],"fast":[208],"retraining":[209],"architecture":[216],"new":[218],"applications":[219],"or":[220],"patient-dependent":[221],"variations.":[223],"A":[224],"prototype":[225],"IC":[226],"has":[227,236],"fabricated":[229],"40nm":[232],"CMOS":[233],"technology.":[234],"It":[235],"active":[239],"0.023":[242],"mm2":[243,245],"(0.184":[244],"total),":[247],"<inline-formula":[249,281],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[250,282],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[251,283],"<tex-math":[252,284],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$7\\times":[253],"$":[254,286],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[255],"improvement":[256],"over":[257],"state":[259],"art.":[262],"For":[263],"case":[266],"ECG-based":[268],"QRS-labeling,":[269],"detection":[271],"accuracy":[272],"98.67%":[274],"achieved,":[276],"while":[277],"system":[279],"consumes":[280],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$20.8~\\mu":[285],"</tex-math></inline-formula>W":[287],"per":[288],"channel":[289],"achieves":[291],"latency":[293],"80":[296],"ms,":[297],"thus":[298],"paving":[299],"way":[301],"multi-channel,":[303],"high-fidelity,":[304],"biomedical":[308],"applications.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2024-11-29T00:00:00"}