{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404787713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383","title":"MS-SCIM: A Mixed-Signal Stochastic Computing-in-Memory Paradigm for Information Security","display_name":"MS-SCIM: A Mixed-Signal Stochastic Computing-in-Memory Paradigm for Information Security","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404787713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013566390","display_name":"Pengxu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-4442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengxu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-4442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604324","display_name":"Yijiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030229777","display_name":"Jialiang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-8762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialiang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-8762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072245931","display_name":"Jiayao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5333-427X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5333-427X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113065146","display_name":"Xinrui Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrui Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115592598","display_name":"Yaqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897117","display_name":"Zhaohao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066473925","display_name":"Weisheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-0404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-0404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59125718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"7","first_page":"3226","last_page":"3235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.558055579662323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.46718457341194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.46597835421562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3590594530105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.330011785030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24862006306648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1394011676311493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.558055579662323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.46718457341194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.46597835421562195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3590594530105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.330011785030365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24862006306648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1394011676311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3501383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5805797491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2293702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7664979664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G927165947","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G942610218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2293700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010588734","https://openalex.org/W2077344647","https://openalex.org/W2113310226","https://openalex.org/W2151346626","https://openalex.org/W2197512205","https://openalex.org/W2551814622","https://openalex.org/W2612444462","https://openalex.org/W2782989621","https://openalex.org/W2787552667","https://openalex.org/W2808626692","https://openalex.org/W2912560735","https://openalex.org/W2914577313","https://openalex.org/W2942267901","https://openalex.org/W2949110623","https://openalex.org/W2963602484","https://openalex.org/W3003610858","https://openalex.org/W3005906813","https://openalex.org/W3011469552","https://openalex.org/W3036618269","https://openalex.org/W3108961808","https://openalex.org/W3126555365","https://openalex.org/W3207552913","https://openalex.org/W4200144698","https://openalex.org/W4220974407","https://openalex.org/W4225528795","https://openalex.org/W4226518647","https://openalex.org/W4251846933","https://openalex.org/W4285819218","https://openalex.org/W4288391423","https://openalex.org/W4293261874","https://openalex.org/W4312965666","https://openalex.org/W4324141102","https://openalex.org/W4360607286","https://openalex.org/W4385453496","https://openalex.org/W4386634534","https://openalex.org/W4386764616","https://openalex.org/W4389987331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0,59],"Computing":[1],"(SC),":[2],"an":[3],"emerging":[4],"paradigm":[5,62,129],"with":[6],"advantages":[7],"in":[8,18,73,186],"hardware":[9,32],"cost":[10],"and":[11,21,40,43,79,118,148,180,199],"fault":[12],"tolerance,":[13],"is":[14,130,171],"well-suited":[15],"for":[16,83,173],"applications":[17],"image":[19,164,184],"processing":[20],"information":[22,174,185],"security.":[23],"However,":[24],"the":[25,36,44,84,104,145,149,158],"existing":[26],"SC":[27,81],"paradigms":[28],"suffer":[29],"from":[30],"significant":[31],"costs":[33],"due":[34],"to":[35,75,102,107,132],"conversion":[37,146],"between":[38],"binary":[39,142],"stochastic":[41,94,127,168],"sequences,":[42],"long":[45],"latency":[46],"caused":[47],"by":[48],"low":[49],"computational":[50],"parallelism.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"work,":[54],"we":[55],"demonstrate":[56],"a":[57,77,111,119,162,187],"Mixed-Signal":[58],"Computing-In-Memory":[60],"(MS-SCIM)":[61],"utilizing":[63],"spin":[64],"orbit":[65],"torque":[66],"magnetic":[67],"random":[68,114],"access":[69],"memory":[70],"(SOT-MRAM)":[71],"arrays,":[72],"order":[74],"realize":[76],"energy-efficient":[78],"conversion-less":[80],"method":[82,166],"first":[85],"time.":[86],"The":[87,92,138],"main":[88],"contributions":[89],"include:":[90],"1)":[91],"inherent":[93],"switching":[95],"behaviors":[96],"of":[97,160,182],"spintronic":[98],"devices":[99],"are":[100],"exploited":[101],"enable":[103],"SOT-MRAM":[105],"array":[106],"serve":[108],"both":[109,197],"as":[110],"parallel":[112],"true":[113],"number":[115],"generator":[116],"(TRNG)":[117],"CIM":[120,128],"cell.":[121],"2)":[122],"A":[123],"high-parallelism":[124],"mixed":[125],"signal":[126],"proposed":[131],"accelerate":[133],"SC-based":[134],"edge":[135],"detection":[136],"algorithm.":[137],"whole":[139],"process":[140],"achieves":[141,152],"outputs":[143],"without":[144],"circuits":[147],"energy":[150],"efficiency":[151],"446":[153],"Tops/W.":[154],"3)":[155],"Based":[156],"on":[157],"results":[159],"MS-SCIM,":[161],"novel":[163],"steganography":[165],"using":[167],"bit":[169],"streams":[170],"leveraged":[172],"security,":[175],"which":[176],"enables":[177],"lossless":[178],"embedding":[179],"extraction":[181],"secret":[183],"<inline-formula":[188],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[190],"<tex-math":[191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$156\\times":[192],"156$":[193],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[194],"size,":[195],"enhancing":[196],"capacity":[198],"undetectability.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}