{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403122829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563","title":"A High-Throughput and Flexible CNN Accelerator Based on Mixed-Radix FFT Method","display_name":"A High-Throughput and Flexible CNN Accelerator Based on Mixed-Radix FFT Method","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403122829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046312537","display_name":"Yishuo Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-6386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yishuo Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101859387","display_name":"Junfeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-6799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021185664","display_name":"Siwei Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080354346","display_name":"Jianfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0132-3319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0132-3319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042282822","display_name":"Jia Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1744-3667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005931678","display_name":"Zhijie Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-2390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719382","display_name":"Chen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85876148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"2","first_page":"816","last_page":"829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.8848999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.8848999738693237,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10369","display_name":"Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies","score":0.8675000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.8077999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.7736315131187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radix","display_name":"Radix (gastropod)","score":0.7670499086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.7345918416976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7038193345069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3975984752178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3474988341331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.33547988533973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2011088728904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12152040004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11497345566749573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.7736315131187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779091547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287565","display_name":"Radix (gastropod)","level":2,"score":0.7670499086380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.7345918416976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038193345069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3975984752178192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3474988341331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.33547988533973694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2011088728904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12152040004730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11497345566749573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3466563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G963865091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487564550","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1975210673","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2594399252","https://openalex.org/W2739193618","https://openalex.org/W2759684853","https://openalex.org/W2808739938","https://openalex.org/W2897669092","https://openalex.org/W2902132001","https://openalex.org/W2913221350","https://openalex.org/W2940399336","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2963759562","https://openalex.org/W2964525696","https://openalex.org/W2977634443","https://openalex.org/W3000160544","https://openalex.org/W3018618942","https://openalex.org/W3021847282","https://openalex.org/W3043504674","https://openalex.org/W3090600872","https://openalex.org/W3114086884","https://openalex.org/W3134012069","https://openalex.org/W3158912502","https://openalex.org/W3177382253","https://openalex.org/W3217077065","https://openalex.org/W4226104804","https://openalex.org/W4243682116","https://openalex.org/W4297094636","https://openalex.org/W4312247188","https://openalex.org/W4385627125","https://openalex.org/W4385656597","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6704559304","https://openalex.org/W6734433951","https://openalex.org/W6747766405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2412254868","https://openalex.org/W2390904641","https://openalex.org/W816882723","https://openalex.org/W2377485831","https://openalex.org/W2356871415","https://openalex.org/W2402878427","https://openalex.org/W2902356632","https://openalex.org/W2364087308","https://openalex.org/W2353404009","https://openalex.org/W2363263835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CNN":[0,31,65,103],"acceleration":[1,32],"algorithms,":[2],"including":[3],"Winograd,":[4,150],"Fast":[5],"Fourier":[6],"Transform":[7],"(FFT)":[8],"and":[9,40,63,94,110,138,152,172],"Number":[10],"Theoretic":[11],"transform":[12],"(NTT),":[13],"have":[14],"demonstrated":[15],"their":[16],"potential":[17],"in":[18],"efficiently":[19],"operating":[20],"current":[21],"Convolutional":[22],"Neural":[23],"Networks":[24],"(CNNs).":[25],"However,":[26],"deploying":[27],"FFT":[28,71,92,151],"algorithm":[29,72],"for":[30,61,75],"would":[33],"introduce":[34],"significant":[35],"invalid":[36,79],"elements,":[37],"unnecessary":[38],"computations":[39],"unacceptable":[41],"transformation":[42,93,108],"overhead.":[43],"To":[44],"address":[45],"these":[46],"issues,":[47],"this":[48],"paper":[49],"proposes":[50],"a":[51,68,106,111,127],"series":[52],"of":[53,78,91,97,130,135,141],"improved":[54],"methods":[55],"along":[56],"with":[57,105,126],"an":[58,100],"FFT-based":[59,102],"architecture":[60],"efficient":[62,101],"simplified":[64],"acceleration.":[66],"First,":[67],"novel":[69],"mixed-radix":[70],"is":[73,84,115,120],"proposed":[74,118,155],"the":[76,89,95],"reduction":[77],"elements.":[80],"Moreover,":[81],"Hermitian":[82],"symmetry":[83],"utilized":[85],"to":[86,145,160],"further":[87],"reduce":[88],"scale":[90],"number":[96],"multiplications.":[98],"Furthermore,":[99],"accelerator":[104,119,156],"resource-efficient":[107],"component":[109],"multiplication-reduced":[112],"PE":[113],"array":[114],"designed.":[116],"Our":[117],"implemented":[121],"based":[122,148],"on":[123,149,169,182],"Xilinx":[124],"XCVU440":[125],"running":[128],"frequency":[129],"238MHz,":[131],"achieving":[132],"actual":[133,170],"performance":[134,171],"2109-2797":[136],"GOPS":[137],"DSP":[139,183],"efficiency":[140],"1.37-1.82":[142],"GOPS/DSP.":[143],"Compared":[144],"previous":[146],"works":[147],"NTT,":[153],"our":[154],"can":[157],"realize":[158],"up":[159],"<inline-formula":[161,173],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[162,174],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[163,175],"<tex-math":[164,176],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$9.42\\times":[165],"$":[166,179],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[167,180],"speedup":[168,181],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.11\\times":[177],"-6.41\\times":[178],"efficiency.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
