{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403022027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541","title":"On the Efficacy and Vulnerabilities of Logic Locking in Tree-Based Machine Learning","display_name":"On the Efficacy and Vulnerabilities of Logic Locking in Tree-Based Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403022027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022351777","display_name":"Brunno Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-0461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brunno Alves de Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0467-0461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064318827","display_name":"Guilherme Paim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme Paim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030348801","display_name":"Lilas Alrahis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilas Alrahis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-6833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002334825","display_name":"Paulo Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2970-3589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["High-Performance Computing Architectures and Systems (HPCAS), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Investiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","High-Performance Computing Architectures and Systems (HPCAS), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores&#x2013;Investiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High-Performance Computing Architectures and Systems (HPCAS), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Investiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"High-Performance Computing Architectures and Systems (HPCAS), Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores&#x2013;Investiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046426137","display_name":"S\u00e9rgio Bampi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-6309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Bampi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-6309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Microelectronics (PGMICRO), Institute of Informatics (INF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059133190","display_name":"Hussam Amrouch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussam Amrouch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-3102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI Processor Design, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7776936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"1","first_page":"180","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9549000263214111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9549000263214111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6140713095664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5731019973754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35609957575798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.354958713054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25747182965278625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6140713095664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5731019973754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35609957575798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.354958713054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25747182965278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3457541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W2010590614","https://openalex.org/W2054095206","https://openalex.org/W2103886065","https://openalex.org/W2123135716","https://openalex.org/W2201675152","https://openalex.org/W2783444794","https://openalex.org/W2811280929","https://openalex.org/W2911142008","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3036079062","https://openalex.org/W3092557510","https://openalex.org/W3113903219","https://openalex.org/W3138351834","https://openalex.org/W3140586337","https://openalex.org/W3173962029","https://openalex.org/W3186662332","https://openalex.org/W3200855694","https://openalex.org/W3202965278","https://openalex.org/W4206346226","https://openalex.org/W4210690620","https://openalex.org/W4280615783","https://openalex.org/W4283691459","https://openalex.org/W4289950746","https://openalex.org/W4308479822","https://openalex.org/W4320025547","https://openalex.org/W6779614809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"popularity":[1],"and":[2,56,83,95,117],"widespread":[3],"usage":[4],"of":[5,47,109,173],"machine":[6],"learning":[7],"(ML)":[8],"hardware":[9,40],"have":[10],"created":[11],"challenges":[12],"for":[13,26,65,167,176],"its":[14,63],"intellectual":[15],"property":[16],"(IP)":[17],"protection.":[18],"Logic":[19],"locking":[20,49,73,175],"is":[21],"a":[22,58,71],"widely":[23],"used":[24],"technique":[25],"IP":[27],"protection":[28],"but":[29],"has":[30],"received":[31],"little":[32],"attention":[33],"in":[34,79],"error-resilient":[35],"applications":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38],"ML":[39,54,67,177],"modules.":[41],"This":[42],"work":[43,163],"investigates":[44],"the":[45,77,102,107,133,165,171],"effectiveness":[46,64,172],"logic":[48,72,123,174],"when":[50],"applied":[51],"to":[52,75,154,158],"tree-based":[53],"circuits":[55],"reveals":[57],"critical":[59],"vulnerability":[60],"that":[61,130,147],"undermines":[62],"single-label":[66],"classifiers.":[68],"We":[69,104],"propose":[70],"scheme":[74],"eliminate":[76],"vulnerabilities":[78],"decision":[80],"trees":[81],"(DTs)":[82],"random":[84],"forests":[85],"(RFs)":[86],"circuits.":[87,160,178],"In":[88],"our":[89,98,110,144,162],"extensive":[90],"simulation":[91],"involving":[92],"16":[93,96],"DTs":[94],"RFs,":[97],"solution":[99],"consistently":[100],"thwarts":[101],"vulnerability.":[103],"further":[105],"evaluated":[106],"security":[108],"approach":[111],"by":[112,131],"considering":[113],"different":[114],"obfuscation":[115],"percentages":[116],"launching":[118],"state-of-the-art":[119],"oracle-less":[120,155],"attacks":[121,156],"on":[122],"locking.":[124],"Our":[125],"method":[126],"proves":[127],"resilient,":[128],"indicating":[129],"fixing":[132],"identified":[134],"vulnerability,":[135],"we":[136],"did":[137],"not":[138],"introduce":[139],"new":[140],"attack":[141],"vectors.":[142],"Further,":[143],"investigation":[145],"indicates":[146],"DT/RF":[148],"accelerators":[149],"are":[150],"significantly":[151],"less":[152],"vulnerable":[153],"compared":[157],"exact":[159],"Overall,":[161],"lays":[164],"foundation":[166],"future":[168],"investigations":[169],"into":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
