{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402159598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238","title":"Efficient Hardware Implementation of the Lightweight CRYSTALS-Kyber","display_name":"Efficient Hardware Implementation of the Lightweight CRYSTALS-Kyber","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402159598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064640365","display_name":"Trong-Hung Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0952-0534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Trong-Hung Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092636076","display_name":"Duc-Thuan Dam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8998-9721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc-Thuan Dam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039121427","display_name":"Phuc-Phan Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4534-9879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phuc-Phan Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052625146","display_name":"Binh Kieu-Do-Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7240-7203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binh Kieu-Do-Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042912660","display_name":"Cong\u2010Kha Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-4919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong-Kha Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025387024","display_name":"Trong-Thuc Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4078-0836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trong-Thuc Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064640365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98903563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"2","first_page":"610","last_page":"622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9103999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9103999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5201404690742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3732462525367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35014986991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26033931970596313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5201404690742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3732462525367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35014986991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26033931970596313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3443238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1525538795","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1669999576","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2594399252","https://openalex.org/W2884530817","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W3021991761","https://openalex.org/W3065439923","https://openalex.org/W3088315145","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3185075495","https://openalex.org/W3187954618","https://openalex.org/W3198652786","https://openalex.org/W3212142976","https://openalex.org/W3216360301","https://openalex.org/W3217272717","https://openalex.org/W4210722209","https://openalex.org/W4225986329","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W4285264388","https://openalex.org/W4295872570","https://openalex.org/W4312559487","https://openalex.org/W4312563345","https://openalex.org/W4312578262","https://openalex.org/W4312708589","https://openalex.org/W4367721814","https://openalex.org/W4382536798","https://openalex.org/W4384787353","https://openalex.org/W4384947555","https://openalex.org/W4385237357","https://openalex.org/W4386178380","https://openalex.org/W4387019087","https://openalex.org/W4387092738","https://openalex.org/W4388893929","https://openalex.org/W4389331617","https://openalex.org/W4391929660","https://openalex.org/W4392309219","https://openalex.org/W4393144920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"computing":[1],"raises":[2],"questions":[3],"about":[4],"the":[5,14,109,138],"security":[6],"of":[7,17,25,43,60],"data":[8,92,110],"encrypted":[9],"using":[10,88],"modern":[11],"methods.":[12],"Hence,":[13,87],"National":[15],"Institute":[16],"Standards":[18],"and":[19,37,84,119,153,162,174],"Technology":[20],"(NIST)":[21],"has":[22,46],"undertaken":[23],"standardization":[24],"post-quantum":[26],"cryptography":[27],"(PQC)":[28],"algorithms":[29],"to":[30,80,116,137,141,144],"defend":[31],"against":[32],"attacks":[33],"from":[34],"both":[35],"classical":[36],"quantum":[38],"computers.":[39],"Following":[40],"four":[41],"rounds":[42],"evaluation,":[44],"CRYSTALS-Kyber":[45,61],"been":[47],"selected":[48],"for":[49,62,73,91,168,172,177],"standardization.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,67,97],"present":[55],"an":[56,125],"efficient":[57],"hardware":[58,134],"architecture":[59],"resource-constrained":[63],"IoT":[64],"devices.":[65],"Firstly,":[66],"propose":[68,98],"a":[69,99],"compact":[70],"hash":[71],"module":[72],"CRYSTALS-Kyber.":[74],"A":[75],"single":[76],"buffer":[77],"is":[78,94,114],"designed":[79],"perform":[81],"padding,":[82],"hashing,":[83],"holding":[85],"data.":[86],"large":[89],"FIFOs":[90],"input/output":[93],"eliminated.":[95],"Then,":[96],"novel":[100],"non-memory-based":[101],"iterative":[102],"number":[103],"theoretic":[104],"transform":[105],"(NMI-NTT)":[106],"architecture.":[107],"Finally,":[108],"flow":[111],"between":[112],"modules":[113],"optimized":[115],"improve":[117],"parallelization":[118],"execution":[120],"time.":[121],"Implementation":[122],"results":[123],"on":[124],"Artix-7":[126],"FPGA":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129],"our":[130],"design":[131,157],"consumes":[132],"minimal":[133],"resources":[135],"compared":[136],"designs":[139],"reported":[140],"date,":[142],"corresponding":[143],"5487":[145],"LUTs,":[146],"3426":[147],"FFs,":[148],"1548":[149],"SLICEs,":[150],"3.5":[151],"BRAMs,":[152],"2":[154],"DSPs.":[155],"Our":[156,183],"computes":[158],"key":[159],"generation,":[160],"encapsulation,":[161],"decapsulation":[163],"phases":[164],"in":[165],"3.3/4.5/6.1":[166],"K-cycles":[167,171,176],"Kyber512,":[169],"5.6/7.1/9.2":[170],"Kyber768,":[173],"8.5/10.1/12.9":[175],"Kyber1024,":[178],"with":[179],"185MHz":[180],"operating":[181],"frequency.":[182],"area-time-product":[184],"(ATP)":[185],"performance":[186],"outperforms":[187],"other":[188],"designs.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
