{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396505921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694","title":"A Reinforcement-Learning-Assisted Power Amplifier for RF Fingerprint Generation in 65 nm CMOS","display_name":"A Reinforcement-Learning-Assisted Power Amplifier for RF Fingerprint Generation in 65 nm CMOS","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396505921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075361952","display_name":"Jiachen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9798-7419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiachen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9798-7419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023539663","display_name":"Yuyi Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-5397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyi Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-5397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083817362","display_name":"Junting Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5059-9915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junting Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5059-9915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081517786","display_name":"Ethan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-3395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-3395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075917784","display_name":"Vanessa Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-6370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-6370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075361952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70652956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"7","first_page":"3050","last_page":"3063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.6720250844955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6126152276992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5227627754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5156847238540649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4844217598438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.46576976776123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.4418849050998688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.43024319410324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.42056286334991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3720937967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3646193742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3229931592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3177526593208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.30522048473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.276502788066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15266254544258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1501186192035675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.6720250844955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6126152276992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5227627754211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5156847238540649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4844217598438263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.46576976776123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4418849050998688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.43024319410324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.42056286334991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3720937967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3646193742752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3229931592941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3177526593208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.30522048473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.276502788066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15266254544258118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1501186192035675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2024.3390694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1989384378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2028893","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3255798309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1953801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7349901780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1952907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7524612193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-23-1-0073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978129244","https://openalex.org/W2006856491","https://openalex.org/W2015289250","https://openalex.org/W2060823827","https://openalex.org/W2104160351","https://openalex.org/W2104183221","https://openalex.org/W2116399000","https://openalex.org/W2140823559","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150103913","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2394640708","https://openalex.org/W2561818119","https://openalex.org/W2566193534","https://openalex.org/W2577976017","https://openalex.org/W2593805380","https://openalex.org/W2776818420","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2913860854","https://openalex.org/W2929496932","https://openalex.org/W2942532422","https://openalex.org/W2981392034","https://openalex.org/W3008819211","https://openalex.org/W3015855422","https://openalex.org/W3088748206","https://openalex.org/W3111446567","https://openalex.org/W3135348998","https://openalex.org/W3153068911","https://openalex.org/W3191186757","https://openalex.org/W3206610697","https://openalex.org/W3210357306","https://openalex.org/W4205770732","https://openalex.org/W4293867565","https://openalex.org/W4308089467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981002473","https://openalex.org/W2357657342","https://openalex.org/W2153432761","https://openalex.org/W2152623100","https://openalex.org/W4214878056","https://openalex.org/W1580144672","https://openalex.org/W2142042635","https://openalex.org/W1988127757","https://openalex.org/W4248634784","https://openalex.org/W2103296973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,115],"reconfigurable":[1],"power":[2],"amplifier":[3],"(PA)":[4],"is":[5,34,53],"implemented":[6,122],"in":[7,144],"CMOS":[8],"65nm":[9],"to":[10,55,58,74,131],"enable":[11],"radio":[12,21],"identification":[13],"for":[14,125],"secure":[15,82],"wireless":[16],"communication":[17],"by":[18,36,63],"injecting":[19],"tunable":[20],"frequency":[22],"fingerprints":[23],"(RFFs)":[24],"into":[25],"the":[26,38,44,68,72,129],"physical":[27],"layer.":[28],"The":[29,48,81],"large":[30,50],"ensemble":[31,69],"of":[32,40,99,128],"RFFs":[33,66,77,88],"achieved":[35],"offsetting":[37],"distributions":[39],"process":[41],"variations":[42],"affecting":[43],"PA\u2019s":[45],"hardware":[46],"features.":[47],"resulting":[49],"RFF":[51],"capacity":[52],"exploited":[54],"increase":[56],"resilience":[57],"noise":[59,140],"and":[60,70,94,134,141],"temperature":[61,79,142],"changes":[62],"selecting":[64],"distinct":[65],"from":[67],"reconfiguring":[71],"PA":[73,83],"restore":[75],"nominal":[76],"following":[78],"shifts.":[80],"achieves":[84],"over":[85],"14000":[86],"time-varying":[87],"while":[89],"consuming":[90],"only":[91],"22":[92],"mW":[93],"occupying":[95],"a":[96],"core":[97],"area":[98],"<inline-formula":[100,108],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[101,109],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[102,110],"<tex-math":[103,111],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$&lt;$</tex-math>":[104],"</inline-formula>":[105,113],"0.0951":[106],"mm":[107],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^{2}$</tex-math>":[112],".":[114],"reinforcement":[116],"learning":[117],"(RL)-based":[118],"control":[119],"has":[120],"been":[121],"on":[123],"FPGA":[124],"closed-loop":[126],"reconfiguration":[127],"transmitter":[130],"achieve":[132],"robust":[133],"low-overhead":[135],"security":[136],"measures":[137],"that":[138],"overcome":[139],"influences":[143],"dynamic":[145],"environments.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
