{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389664577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953","title":"Hardware Acceleration and Implementation of Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus","display_name":"Hardware Acceleration and Implementation of Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over the Torus","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389664577","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052286732","display_name":"Tianqi Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-4904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-4904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069478114","display_name":"Shuguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-7112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81467434,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"1116","last_page":"1129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.7763450741767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7297936677932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6312593817710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5185021162033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.47992950677871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4465300738811493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34965699911117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32882487773895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.26818835735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1728253960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10183462500572205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7763450741767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7297936677932739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6312593817710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5185021162033081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.47992950677871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4465300738811493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34965699911117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32882487773895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.26818835735321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1728253960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10183462500572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3338953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547207987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61974083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W1983394510","https://openalex.org/W2024381286","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2554750353","https://openalex.org/W2768505000","https://openalex.org/W2888852652","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2990919688","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3013093367","https://openalex.org/W3019884349","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3036016265","https://openalex.org/W3168353929","https://openalex.org/W4206293930","https://openalex.org/W4212899991","https://openalex.org/W4293024101","https://openalex.org/W4308090449","https://openalex.org/W4366377472","https://openalex.org/W4388857848","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6797279508","https://openalex.org/W6851200777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534274833","https://openalex.org/W3117246195","https://openalex.org/W156620619","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2949607150","https://openalex.org/W2950312267","https://openalex.org/W3123945077","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W3203896436","https://openalex.org/W913176383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"allows":[4],"direct":[5],"computation":[6],"on":[7,128],"ciphertext":[8],"without":[9],"decryption":[10],"which":[11],"provides":[12],"an":[13,21,133],"effectual":[14],"approach":[15],"for":[16,52,140],"privacy-preserving":[17],"computation.":[18],"Bootstrapping":[19],"is":[20,39,89],"useful":[22],"feature":[23],"to":[24,41,48,69,79,91,100,111],"have":[25],"in":[26,137],"FHE":[27],"scheme.":[28],"However,":[29],"limited":[30],"by":[31],"substantial":[32],"memory":[33],"requirements":[34],"and":[35,83,131],"costly":[36],"computations,":[37],"it":[38],"difficult":[40],"put":[42],"bootstrapping":[43,65,116,121,149],"into":[44],"practice.":[45],"It\u2019s":[46],"necessary":[47],"implement":[49,119],"hardware":[50],"acceleration":[51,176],"bootstrapping.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"proposed":[58,107],"the":[59,84,93,102,115,166],"first":[60],"FPGA":[61,129,173],"implementation":[62],"of":[63,181],"TFHE":[64],"with":[66,123,165,171,188],"128-bit":[67],"security":[68],"our":[70,148,175],"acknowledgement.":[71],"We":[72,106,118],"designed":[73,90],"a":[74,178],"fixed":[75],"distribution":[76],"access":[77],"pattern":[78],"accelerate":[80],"polynomial":[81],"multiplication":[82],"simplified":[85],"modular":[86],"reduction":[87],"circuit":[88],"optimize":[92],"computations.":[94],"The":[95,143],"high-level":[96],"pipelines":[97],"are":[98],"utilized":[99],"reduce":[101],"clock":[103],"cycle":[104],"consumption.":[105],"multiple":[108],"parallelism-matching":[109],"architecture":[110],"further":[112],"speed":[113,162],"up":[114,163],"procedure.":[117],"entire":[120],"scheme":[122,150],"various":[124],"key":[125],"unrolling":[126],"factors":[127],"platform":[130],"synthesis":[132],"individual":[134],"computational":[135],"core":[136],"TSMC":[138],"28nm":[139],"performance":[141],"evaluation.":[142],"experimental":[144],"results":[145],"indicate":[146],"that":[147],"can":[151],"achieve":[152],"<inline-formula":[153,182],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[154,183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[155,184],"<tex-math":[156,185],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5.5\\times":[157],"-34":[158],"\\times":[159],"$":[160],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[161,187],"compared":[164],"state-of-art":[167],"CPU":[168],"baselines.":[169],"Compared":[170],"previous":[172],"design,":[174],"achieves":[177],"latency":[179],"improvement":[180],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6\\%-65\\%$":[186],"higher":[189],"security.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}