{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388283422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205","title":"An Energy Efficient All-Digital Time-Domain Compute-in-Memory Macro Optimized for Binary Neural Networks","display_name":"An Energy Efficient All-Digital Time-Domain Compute-in-Memory Macro Optimized for Binary Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388283422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043984277","display_name":"Jie Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0380-8585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0380-8585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029479465","display_name":"Florian Freye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-8910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Freye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-8910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024548698","display_name":"Christian Lanius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-3782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Lanius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7107-3782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023628905","display_name":"Tobias Gemmeke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-3411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Gemmeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-3411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Integrated Digital Systems and Circuit Design, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043984277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3696,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81334341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"1","first_page":"287","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.782451331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7583149075508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.6126741170883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.527518093585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5274593830108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5082446932792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.49846887588500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48653092980384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.46415528655052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.4539593756198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.44592347741127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4294303059577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3783077001571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3718494176864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12001210451126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.11010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10323944687843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09460562467575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.088380366563797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.08635187149047852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.782451331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7583149075508118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.6126741170883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.527518093585968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5274593830108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5082446932792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.49846887588500977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48653092980384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46415528655052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.4539593756198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.44592347741127014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4294303059577942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3783077001571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3718494176864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12001210451126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.11010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10323944687843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09460562467575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.088380366563797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.08635187149047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3323205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:974733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/974733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems / 1 71(1), 287-298 (2023). doi:10.1109/TCSI.2023.3323205","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2143310750","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2725092576","https://openalex.org/W2790511620","https://openalex.org/W2897269782","https://openalex.org/W2904299207","https://openalex.org/W2905659884","https://openalex.org/W2920326572","https://openalex.org/W2921013323","https://openalex.org/W2945323101","https://openalex.org/W2952797486","https://openalex.org/W2963221280","https://openalex.org/W2966285227","https://openalex.org/W2966524683","https://openalex.org/W2981240739","https://openalex.org/W2999840382","https://openalex.org/W3000301330","https://openalex.org/W3046926000","https://openalex.org/W3117263620","https://openalex.org/W3131543421","https://openalex.org/W3134195144","https://openalex.org/W3134526034","https://openalex.org/W3135906938","https://openalex.org/W3158340984","https://openalex.org/W3170773788","https://openalex.org/W3186879574","https://openalex.org/W4205498988","https://openalex.org/W4220922172","https://openalex.org/W4220958508","https://openalex.org/W4221038786","https://openalex.org/W4226402784","https://openalex.org/W4283731057","https://openalex.org/W4293243554","https://openalex.org/W4308089786","https://openalex.org/W4312051495","https://openalex.org/W4312063695","https://openalex.org/W4312993714","https://openalex.org/W4313839325","https://openalex.org/W4378801019","https://openalex.org/W4378942239","https://openalex.org/W4386859294","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6853361886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W3137378424","https://openalex.org/W2809732489","https://openalex.org/W4287780255","https://openalex.org/W3023361272","https://openalex.org/W4391092513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42],"deployment":[1],"of":[2,123,142,151,163],"neural":[3,31],"networks":[4,32],"on":[5,165],"edge":[6],"devices":[7],"has":[8],"created":[9],"a":[10,140,160],"growing":[11],"need":[12],"for":[13,29,155,169],"energy-efficient":[14],"computing.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"we":[19],"propose":[20],"an":[21,148],"all-digital":[22],"standard":[23],"cell-based":[24],"time-domain":[25],"compute-in-memory":[26],"(TDCIM)":[27],"macro":[28,44,111,126,146],"binary":[30],"(BNNs)":[33],"that":[34,49,107],"is":[35,66],"compatible":[36],"with":[37],"commercial":[38],"digital":[39],"design":[40],"flow.":[41],"TDCIM":[43,110,125,145],"utilizes":[45],"multiple":[46],"computing":[47,59,94],"chains":[48],"share":[50],"one":[51],"threshold":[52],"chain,":[53],"and":[54,60,77,85,99,136],"supports":[55],"double-edge":[56],"operation,":[57],"parallel":[58],"data":[61],"reuse.":[62],"Time-domain":[63],"wave-pipelining":[64],"technique":[65],"introduced":[67],"to":[68,88],"enhance":[69],"throughput":[70],"while":[71,158],"preserving":[72],"accuracy.":[73],"Regular":[74],"placement":[75],"(RP)":[76],"custom":[78],"routing":[79],"(CR)":[80],"are":[81],"employed":[82],"during":[83],"place":[84],"route":[86],"(P&R)":[87],"reduce":[89],"systematic":[90],"variations.":[91,118],"We":[92,119],"show":[93],"delay,":[95],"POOL":[96],"computation":[97],"accuracy,":[98],"network":[100],"test":[101],"accuracy":[102,115,162],"at":[103],"different":[104],"voltages,":[105],"indicating":[106],"the":[108,124,144,166],"proposed":[109],"can":[112],"maintain":[113],"high":[114],"under":[116],"PVT":[117],"implemented":[120],"two":[121],"versions":[122],"in":[127],"22nm":[128],"FDSOI":[129],"technology":[130],"using":[131],"foundry-provided":[132],"delay":[133],"cells":[134],"DLY40":[135,156],"DLY60,":[137],"respectively.":[138],"At":[139],"voltage":[141],"0.5V,":[143],"achieved":[147],"energy":[149],"efficiency":[150],"1.2":[152],"(1.05)":[153],"POPS/W":[154],"(DLY60),":[157],"maintaining":[159],"baseline":[161],"98.9%":[164],"MNIST":[167],"dataset":[168],"both":[170],"designs.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-25T08:39:21.599409","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}