{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385732107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814","title":"SSM-CIM: An Efficient CIM Macro Featuring <u>S</u>ingle-<u>S</u>tep <u>M</u>ulti-bit MAC Computation for CNN Edge Inference","display_name":"SSM-CIM: An Efficient CIM Macro Featuring <u>S</u>ingle-<u>S</u>tep <u>M</u>ulti-bit MAC Computation for CNN Edge Inference","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385732107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078909424","display_name":"Heng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7827-7849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7827-7849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073567200","display_name":"Sunan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4604-9587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4604-9587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719908","display_name":"Xin Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8662-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8662-3467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112222090","display_name":"Xinjie Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Zhicun (Witmem) Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Zhicun (Witmem) Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101792610","display_name":"Shaodi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-6033"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaodi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Zhicun (Witmem) Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Zhicun (Witmem) Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084816122","display_name":"Yuan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-619X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-619X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039665206","display_name":"Li Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2687-6978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2687-6978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078909424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91935772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"11","first_page":"4357","last_page":"4368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.609748125076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.574863076210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.48654094338417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4752851724624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4269925355911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.4197778105735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4163201153278351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3241614103317261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.609748125076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.574863076210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.48654094338417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4752851724624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4269925355911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4197778105735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4163201153278351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3241614103317261}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3301814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6148701815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62141411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6926274829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62004096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7249914030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62004097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7907513362","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB4400900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048251158","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101004723","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2339797656","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2734572653","https://openalex.org/W2749371864","https://openalex.org/W2898913080","https://openalex.org/W2899641901","https://openalex.org/W2904299207","https://openalex.org/W2921013323","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2990591126","https://openalex.org/W3000301330","https://openalex.org/W3019227464","https://openalex.org/W3097655915","https://openalex.org/W3134703406","https://openalex.org/W3135906938","https://openalex.org/W3139521791","https://openalex.org/W3159018959","https://openalex.org/W3164913974","https://openalex.org/W3190659663","https://openalex.org/W3199227356","https://openalex.org/W3205795241","https://openalex.org/W3208788005","https://openalex.org/W4220882094","https://openalex.org/W4220922172","https://openalex.org/W4221038786","https://openalex.org/W4221039638","https://openalex.org/W4226402784","https://openalex.org/W4232909776","https://openalex.org/W4280533641","https://openalex.org/W4285048458","https://openalex.org/W4295956872","https://openalex.org/W4296704900","https://openalex.org/W4312993714","https://openalex.org/W4313639541","https://openalex.org/W4313839325","https://openalex.org/W4319866755","https://openalex.org/W4321366725","https://openalex.org/W4365800488","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6809456291","https://openalex.org/W6810297136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392590355","https://openalex.org/W3151633427","https://openalex.org/W2212894501","https://openalex.org/W2793465010","https://openalex.org/W3024050170","https://openalex.org/W3204400881","https://openalex.org/W3214410901","https://openalex.org/W3204296682","https://openalex.org/W3183118997","https://openalex.org/W2917767146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compute-in-memory":[0],"(CIM)":[1],"is":[2,94,130],"a":[3,22,60,73,88,173],"promising":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,121],"solving":[7],"the":[8,77,84,98,102,123,144,154,163],"memory-wall":[9],"problem":[10],"existing":[11],"in":[12,72],"traditional":[13],"computing":[14,56,86,114,125,146,161],"architectures.":[15],"In":[16,111],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"we":[19],"introduce":[20],"SSM-CIM,":[21],"charge-domain,":[23],"static":[24],"random-access":[25],"memory":[26],"(SRAM)-based":[27],"CIM":[28],"macro":[29,171],"designed":[30,95],"for":[31,46],"area-energy-efficient":[32],"convolutional":[33],"neural":[34],"network":[35],"(CNN)":[36],"inference.":[37],"SSM-CIM":[38,65,129],"utilizes":[39],"an":[40,179,186],"original":[41],"sign-magnitude":[42],"data":[43],"encoding":[44],"method":[45],"both":[47],"inputs":[48],"and":[49,58,108,116,132,148,158,185,195],"weights.":[50],"By":[51],"codesigning":[52],"four":[53],"adjacent":[54],"SRAM":[55],"cells":[57],"employing":[59],"3-bit":[61],"digital-to-analog":[62],"converter":[63],"(DAC),":[64],"performs":[66],"accurate":[67],"4-bit":[68,193,196],"multiply-and-accumulate":[69],"(MAC)":[70],"computation":[71],"single":[74],"step,":[75],"eliminating":[76],"peripheral":[78],"digital":[79],"shift-and-add":[80],"circuits.":[81],"To":[82],"digitize":[83],"MAC":[85],"results,":[87],"dedicated":[89],"multi-reference":[90],"assisted":[91],"SAR":[92],"ADC":[93],"by":[96],"reusing":[97],"reference":[99],"voltages":[100],"from":[101,153],"DAC,":[103],"which":[104],"offers":[105],"significant":[106],"power":[107],"area":[109,180],"savings.":[110],"addition,":[112],"analog":[113],"errors":[115,118],"quantization":[117],"are":[119],"analyzed":[120],"ensure":[122],"multi-bit":[124],"accuracy":[126,149],"of":[127,150,176,182,189],"SSM-CIM.":[128,151],"implemented":[131],"evaluated":[133],"using":[134],"28-nm":[135],"global":[136],"foundry":[137],"process.":[138],"The":[139],"post-layout":[140],"simulation":[141],"results":[142],"validate":[143],"excellent":[145],"linearity":[147],"Benefitting":[152],"compact":[155],"layout":[156],"design":[157],"fully":[159],"parallel":[160],"flow,":[162],"<inline-formula":[164],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[166],"<tex-math":[167],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$144\\times":[168],"256$":[169],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[170],"achieves":[172],"peak":[174],"throughput":[175],"2.3":[177],"TOPS,":[178],"efficiency":[181,188],"10.2":[183],"TOPS/mm2,":[184],"energy":[187],"205.4":[190],"TOPS/W":[191],"with":[192],"weights":[194],"inputs.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}