{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387917728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188","title":"A-Connect: An Ex Situ Training Methodology to Mitigate Stochasticity in Neural Network Analog Accelerators","display_name":"A-Connect: An Ex Situ Training Methodology to Mitigate Stochasticity in Neural Network Analog Accelerators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387917728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020030771","display_name":"Luis E. Rueda G.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-2028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis E. Rueda G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3658-2028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006828424","display_name":"R. Guerrero Vergel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4908-7693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Vergel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4908-7693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103375229","display_name":"\u00c9lvio Carlos Dutra e Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070510631","display_name":"Elkim Roa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0290-7493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115684694","display_name":"Industrial University of Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc1d948","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elkim Roa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, Integrated Systems Research Group&#x2014;OnChip, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115684694"],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0829,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37354778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"1","first_page":"277","last_page":"290"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.691494882106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.632911205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6323845982551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5776845216751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5604922771453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5211346745491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4369014501571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40374913811683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3731731176376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3433757424354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.09664097428321838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.691494882106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.632911205291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6323845982551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5776845216751099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5604922771453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5211346745491028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4369014501571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40374913811683655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3731731176376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3433757424354553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.09664097428321838}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2023.3273188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W368005490","https://openalex.org/W1184351409","https://openalex.org/W1503792000","https://openalex.org/W1964632160","https://openalex.org/W1983964264","https://openalex.org/W2021383442","https://openalex.org/W2056507634","https://openalex.org/W2100805904","https://openalex.org/W2111072639","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2145249131","https://openalex.org/W2146276996","https://openalex.org/W2155954834","https://openalex.org/W2172307690","https://openalex.org/W2185491959","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2328903318","https://openalex.org/W2464569091","https://openalex.org/W2515117566","https://openalex.org/W2587531421","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2605257365","https://openalex.org/W2612375349","https://openalex.org/W2613011164","https://openalex.org/W2787707688","https://openalex.org/W2790511620","https://openalex.org/W2794822538","https://openalex.org/W2806113867","https://openalex.org/W2884159178","https://openalex.org/W2920326572","https://openalex.org/W2923010225","https://openalex.org/W2942683366","https://openalex.org/W2945156078","https://openalex.org/W2946047477","https://openalex.org/W2948661249","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2966305769","https://openalex.org/W2977732425","https://openalex.org/W2983750276","https://openalex.org/W2990591126","https://openalex.org/W2990797940","https://openalex.org/W3004387660","https://openalex.org/W3004732066","https://openalex.org/W3016762888","https://openalex.org/W3036092616","https://openalex.org/W3036942028","https://openalex.org/W3125908175","https://openalex.org/W3166792421","https://openalex.org/W3186222796","https://openalex.org/W3195461290","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4226427756","https://openalex.org/W4229457405","https://openalex.org/W4281559709","https://openalex.org/W6600213771","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6784426856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036048022","https://openalex.org/W4309224979","https://openalex.org/W3026879719","https://openalex.org/W3013696689","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analog-based":[0],"neural":[1,43,66],"network":[2,44,67],"accelerators":[3,6],"outperform":[4],"digital-based":[5],"in":[7,22,54,217],"energy":[8],"efficiency":[9],"by":[10,61],"trading":[11],"accuracy.":[12],"Analog":[13],"computation":[14],"is":[15,181],"susceptible":[16],"to":[17,40,101,114,160,201],"hardware":[18],"stochastic":[19,47,172],"variability,":[20],"incurring":[21],"limited":[23],"signal-to-noise":[24],"and":[25,29,70,88,125,131,210,234],"aggravating":[26],"for":[27,120,127,133,164,236],"compact":[28],"low":[30],"power":[31],"applications.":[32,239],"Here":[33],"we":[34,81],"introduce":[35],"A-Connect,":[36],"anex":[37],"situstatistical":[38],"methodology":[39,50,113,149,225],"improve":[41],"analog":[42,55],"resilience":[45],"against":[46],"variability.":[48,173],"Our":[49],"achieves":[51],"state-of-art":[52],"performance":[53,198],"environments":[56],"with":[57,86,146,179],"heavy":[58],"stochasticity":[59],"levels":[60],"injecting":[62],"noise":[63,75],"during":[64,76],"the":[65,72,77,111,128,138,144,147,154,165,177,186,196,218,223],"forward":[68],"propagation":[69],"considering":[71],"same":[73],"injected":[74],"backward":[78],"propagation.":[79],"Furthermore,":[80],"developed":[82],"a":[83,169],"Keras/Tensorflow":[84],"library":[85],"fully-connected":[87],"convolutional":[89],"layers":[90],"versions":[91],"using":[92],"our":[93],"training":[94],"methodology,":[95],"which":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98],"coupled":[99],"easily":[100],"standard":[102],"machine":[103],"learning":[104],"platforms.":[105],"We":[106,220],"present":[107],"simulation":[108],"results":[109,145,178,207],"applying":[110],"A-Connect":[112,148,180,193,224],"popular":[115],"DNN":[116],"models,":[117],"like":[118],"LeNet-5":[119],"MNIST":[121],"dataset,":[122,130],"AlexNet,":[123],"VGG-16,":[124],"ResNet-20":[126],"CIFAR-10":[129,139],"ResNet-18":[132],"CIFAR-100":[134,141],"dataset.":[135],"When":[136],"validating":[137],"or":[140],"recognition":[142],"tasks,":[143],"showed":[150,195],"an":[151],"improvement":[152],"over":[153],"baseline":[155,187],"model":[156],"of":[157,171,176,191],"around":[158,182],"15":[159],"68":[161],"percentage":[162],"points":[163],"median":[166],"accuracy":[167],"at":[168,188],"70%":[170],"The":[174],"deviation":[175],"20X":[183],"lower":[184],"than":[185],"this":[189],"level":[190],"stochasticity.":[192],"also":[194],"best":[197],"when":[199],"compared":[200],"otherex":[202],"situapproaches,":[203],"while":[204],"having":[205],"comparable":[206],"toin":[208],"situ,":[209],"hybrid":[211],"(i.e.,":[212],"usingex":[213],"situandin":[214],"situapproaches)":[215],"methods":[216],"literature.":[219],"anticipate":[221],"that":[222],"could":[226],"enable":[227],"emergent":[228],"memory":[229],"technologies,":[230],"such":[231],"as":[232],"ReRAM":[233],"PCM,":[235],"accurate":[237],"computation-in-memory":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
