{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312455642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860","title":"Reconfigurability, Why It Matters in AI Tasks Processing: A Survey of Reconfigurable AI Chips","display_name":"Reconfigurability, Why It Matters in AI Tasks Processing: A Survey of Reconfigurable AI Chips","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312455642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036023084","display_name":"Shaojun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5117-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaojun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038198416","display_name":"Xinhan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-2722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinhan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038947607","display_name":"Fengbin Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-8829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengbin Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Chip Center for Emerging Smart Systems, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021484887","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-8881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358856","display_name":"Leibo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leibo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054524841","display_name":"Shouyi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-572X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouyi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036023084"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86138609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"3","first_page":"1228","last_page":"1241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability","display_name":"Reconfigurability","score":0.9940300583839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-reconfiguration","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","score":0.9377945065498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7010636925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.6990195512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6546453237533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6272540092468262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.5245692729949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45233651995658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.451151043176651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.42394426465034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40752220153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3495047688484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07902511954307556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780149590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742","display_name":"Reconfigurability","level":2,"score":0.9940300583839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119701452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165881","display_name":"Control reconfiguration","level":2,"score":0.9377945065498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7010636925697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.6990195512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6546453237533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6272540092468262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.5245692729949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45233651995658875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.451151043176651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.42394426465034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40752220153808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3495047688484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07902511954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3228860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-124316","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-124316","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G338081660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62125403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7028138989","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0114400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7234679820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92164301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7875222260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19B2041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329777","display_name":"Beijing National Research Center For Information Science And Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531103298","https://openalex.org/W1598866093","https://openalex.org/W1724438581","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168231600","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2466675884","https://openalex.org/W2513554817","https://openalex.org/W2516141709","https://openalex.org/W2520083297","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2605487586","https://openalex.org/W2612076670","https://openalex.org/W2617411258","https://openalex.org/W2623629680","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2701971652","https://openalex.org/W2753301142","https://openalex.org/W2794754997","https://openalex.org/W2794952988","https://openalex.org/W2801000640","https://openalex.org/W2802166112","https://openalex.org/W2883542588","https://openalex.org/W2883830791","https://openalex.org/W2884071170","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2895531329","https://openalex.org/W2899819688","https://openalex.org/W2900228909","https://openalex.org/W2904902077","https://openalex.org/W2905184098","https://openalex.org/W2906663849","https://openalex.org/W2920954974","https://openalex.org/W2921918777","https://openalex.org/W2921967969","https://openalex.org/W2922086978","https://openalex.org/W2924498682","https://openalex.org/W2935331687","https://openalex.org/W2935480346","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963358710","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2963480671","https://openalex.org/W2965586238","https://openalex.org/W2970959587","https://openalex.org/W2979310060","https://openalex.org/W2979515806","https://openalex.org/W2980612421","https://openalex.org/W2982479999","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3012561096","https://openalex.org/W3015391117","https://openalex.org/W3015729306","https://openalex.org/W3016430712","https://openalex.org/W3016542674","https://openalex.org/W3037847693","https://openalex.org/W3043406639","https://openalex.org/W3081330725","https://openalex.org/W3082020764","https://openalex.org/W3099432326","https://openalex.org/W3101104221","https://openalex.org/W3105802176","https://openalex.org/W3108426037","https://openalex.org/W3117961507","https://openalex.org/W3133635270","https://openalex.org/W3133687618","https://openalex.org/W3133757386","https://openalex.org/W3158233068","https://openalex.org/W3185047697","https://openalex.org/W3185702163","https://openalex.org/W3187235458","https://openalex.org/W3187481008","https://openalex.org/W3187908937","https://openalex.org/W3190761184","https://openalex.org/W3208821873","https://openalex.org/W3210117238","https://openalex.org/W3210592283","https://openalex.org/W3211715627","https://openalex.org/W4206336135","https://openalex.org/W4220686330","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4243674899","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W4249516033","https://openalex.org/W4249932213","https://openalex.org/W4280557024","https://openalex.org/W4289441319","https://openalex.org/W4308090791","https://openalex.org/W6631708475","https://openalex.org/W6635810480","https://openalex.org/W6637709462","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6738144653","https://openalex.org/W6740114376","https://openalex.org/W6744700018","https://openalex.org/W6751238189","https://openalex.org/W6753469380","https://openalex.org/W6753584990","https://openalex.org/W6760738572","https://openalex.org/W6760775249","https://openalex.org/W6775850616","https://openalex.org/W6791230884","https://openalex.org/W6809349333"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152623100","https://openalex.org/W25204318","https://openalex.org/W2096417281","https://openalex.org/W2138895528","https://openalex.org/W2077035242","https://openalex.org/W3042643149","https://openalex.org/W2340647897","https://openalex.org/W3120729951","https://openalex.org/W2808484818","https://openalex.org/W1574948540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"technologies,":[4],"especially":[5],"deep":[6],"neural":[7],"networks":[8],"(DNNs),":[9],"play":[10],"an":[11],"vital":[12],"role":[13],"in":[14,18,36,46,117,128,146],"solving":[15],"many":[16],"problems":[17],"both":[19],"academia":[20],"and":[21,34,59,68,97,140,156],"industry.":[22],"In":[23],"order":[24],"to":[25,63],"simultaneously":[26],"meet":[27],"the":[28,47,65,77,123,132,142,159],"demand":[29],"of":[30,106,144,152,161],"performance,":[31],"energy":[32],"efficiency":[33],"flexibility":[35],"DNN":[37,73,111],"processing,":[38],"various":[39],"reconfigurable":[40,83,124],"AI":[41,84,125,147],"chips":[42,85],"have":[43,60],"been":[44],"proposed":[45],"past":[48],"several":[49],"years.":[50],"They":[51],"are":[52,114,166],"based":[53],"on":[54],"FPGA":[55],"or":[56],"CGRA":[57],"platforms":[58],"domain-specific":[61],"reconfigurability":[62,145],"customize":[64],"computing":[66],"units":[67],"data":[69],"paths":[70],"for":[71,110,136],"different":[72,164],"tasks":[74,148],"without":[75],"re-produce":[76],"chips.":[78],"This":[79,120],"paper":[80,121],"surveys":[81],"typical":[82],"from":[86,163],"three":[87],"reconfiguration":[88,101,154],"hierarchies:":[89],"processing":[90,93],"element":[91,94],"level,":[92,96],"array":[95],"chip":[98,126],"level.":[99],"Each":[100],"hierarchy":[102,155],"covers":[103],"a":[104],"set":[105],"important":[107],"optimization":[108,138],"techniques":[109,162],"computation":[112],"which":[113],"frequently":[115],"adopted":[116],"real":[118],"life.":[119],"lists":[122],"works":[127],"chronological":[129],"order,":[130],"discusses":[131],"hardware":[133],"development":[134],"process":[135],"each":[137,153],"techniques,":[139],"analyzes":[141],"necessity":[143],"processing.":[149],"The":[150],"trends":[151],"insights":[157],"about":[158],"cooperation":[160],"hierarchies":[165],"also":[167],"proposed.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}