{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312655164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802","title":"A Low-Offset VCO-Based Time-Domain Comparator Using a Phase Frequency Detector With Reduced Dead and Blind Zones","display_name":"A Low-Offset VCO-Based Time-Domain Comparator Using a Phase Frequency Detector With Reduced Dead and Blind Zones","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312655164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038548140","display_name":"Mahin Esmaeilzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8402-2167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahin Esmaeilzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037207511","display_name":"Yves Audet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yves Audet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670258","display_name":"Mohamed R. Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0795-0709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082509767","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Sawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montr&#x00E9;al, Montr&#x00E9;al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038548140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.026,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86835972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"3","first_page":"1017","last_page":"1029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12300","display_name":"Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.8602879047393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.6294153928756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5896108746528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5136608481407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4762137830257416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.4669690430164337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.44975370168685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4425099194049835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.4419427812099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3977227509021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3836965560913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32882511615753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.31382936239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2501372694969177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.8602879047393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6294153928756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5896108746528625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5136608481407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4762137830257416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4669690430164337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44975370168685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4425099194049835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.4419427812099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3977227509021759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3836965560913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32882511615753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.31382936239242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2501372694969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3227802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:52616","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/52616/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998253193","https://openalex.org/W2045322931","https://openalex.org/W2082365076","https://openalex.org/W2082979872","https://openalex.org/W2108537242","https://openalex.org/W2110148769","https://openalex.org/W2137480583","https://openalex.org/W2148568726","https://openalex.org/W2161066961","https://openalex.org/W2172205044","https://openalex.org/W2172236250","https://openalex.org/W2319628269","https://openalex.org/W2579217445","https://openalex.org/W2588191434","https://openalex.org/W2610182465","https://openalex.org/W2691797761","https://openalex.org/W2889396643","https://openalex.org/W2905070973","https://openalex.org/W2908000012","https://openalex.org/W2914489166","https://openalex.org/W2920901139","https://openalex.org/W2944004160","https://openalex.org/W2985840259","https://openalex.org/W3022866107","https://openalex.org/W3041262566","https://openalex.org/W3047872890","https://openalex.org/W3191245810","https://openalex.org/W3209727681","https://openalex.org/W4296703840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3129408886","https://openalex.org/W4233090067","https://openalex.org/W2365946217","https://openalex.org/W1964543336","https://openalex.org/W2368638770","https://openalex.org/W2365449259","https://openalex.org/W2057338677","https://openalex.org/W2105518569","https://openalex.org/W2285615337","https://openalex.org/W2105504896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"in":[2,65,83],"this":[3],"paper":[4],"a":[5,36,84,104,110,159],"high-precision":[6],"voltage-controlled":[7],"oscillators":[8],"(VCO)-based":[9],"time-domain":[10],"(TD)":[11],"comparator.":[12],"It":[13],"involves":[14],"two":[15],"identical":[16],"and":[17,62,73,108,162,168],"linear":[18],"VCOs":[19],"to":[20,43],"convert":[21],"the":[22,27,30,45,49,56,155,186,191],"input":[23,183],"voltage":[24],"difference":[25],"of":[26,48,59,93,113,131,141,154,164,190],"comparator":[28,97],"into":[29],"time/frequency":[31],"difference.":[32],"Also,":[33],"it":[34],"includes":[35],"novel":[37],"low-power":[38],"phase":[39,63,184],"frequency":[40,189],"detector":[41],"(PFD)":[42],"compare":[44],"output":[46,76],"frequencies":[47],"VCOs.":[50],"The":[51,78,96],"proposed":[52,156],"PFD":[53,157,192],"technique":[54],"reduces":[55],"problematic":[57],"effects":[58],"missing":[60],"edges":[61],"ambiguity":[64],"conventional":[66],"circuits":[67],"by":[68],"minimizing":[69],"dead-zone":[70],"(DZ)/blind-zone":[71],"(BZ)":[72],"suppressing":[74],"unwanted":[75],"glitches.":[77],"TD-comparator":[79],"prototype":[80],"is":[81,193],"fabricated":[82,133],"350":[85],"-nm":[86],"CMOS":[87],"process":[88],"having":[89],"an":[90,136,173],"active":[91],"area":[92],"0.01":[94],"mm2.":[95],"consumes":[98],"93.65":[99],"\u03bc":[100],"W":[101],"power":[102],"from":[103],"3.3":[105],"-V":[106],"supply":[107],"provides":[109],"conversion":[111],"rate":[112],"2.7":[114],"MHz":[115],"with":[116],"148":[117],"<inline-formula":[118,143,175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[119,144,176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[120,145,177],"<tex-math":[121,146,178],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol":[122],"{\\mu":[123],"}\\mathbf":[124],"{V_{rms}}$":[125],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[126,149,182],"input-referred":[127,137],"noise.":[128],"Measurement":[129],"results":[130],"5":[132],"chips":[134],"show":[135,158],"offset":[138],"standard":[139],"deviation":[140],"81.14":[142],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${\\mu":[147],"}\\text{V}$":[148],".":[150],"Stand-alone":[151],"characteristics":[152],"measurements":[153],"minimized":[160],"DZ":[161],"BZ":[163],"less":[165],"than":[166],"12":[167],"22.7":[169],"ps,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"With":[172],"almost":[174],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${\\pm":[179],"2\\pi":[180],"}$":[181],"range,":[185],"maximum":[187],"operating":[188],"1.32":[194],"GHz.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}