{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293731904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987","title":"Area, Time and Energy Efficient Multicore Hardware Accelerators for Extended Merkle Signature Scheme","display_name":"Area, Time and Energy Efficient Multicore Hardware Accelerators for Extended Merkle Signature Scheme","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293731904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051407732","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019129523","display_name":"Yanze Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanze Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771328","display_name":"Lan Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396702","display_name":"Shuai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-0424"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rock-Solid Security Laboratory, Binary Semiconductor Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock-Solid Security Laboratory, Binary Semiconductor Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029335324","display_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051407732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.061,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80674988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"12","first_page":"4908","last_page":"4918"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.8960564136505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.705138623714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5825248956680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44484078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43626174330711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-signature-scheme","display_name":"Merkle signature scheme","score":0.43572425842285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-table","display_name":"Hash table","score":0.4251103699207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4240327477455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.39555707573890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3565744459629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.35277730226516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.3382762670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1469583511352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.100372314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-signature","display_name":"Blind signature","score":0.0943223237991333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.8960564136505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.705138623714447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5825248956680298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44484078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43626174330711365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40404285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921816","display_name":"Merkle signature scheme","level":5,"score":0.43572425842285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.4251103699207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4240327477455139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.39555707573890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3565744459629059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.35277730226516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.3382762670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1469583511352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.100372314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18899389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736593","display_name":"Blind signature","level":4,"score":0.0943223237991333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3341859372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20191160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8386272869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2022098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","funder_display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327777","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33646188","https://openalex.org/W1566345534","https://openalex.org/W1596446274","https://openalex.org/W1598984807","https://openalex.org/W1600113341","https://openalex.org/W1882598960","https://openalex.org/W2015880590","https://openalex.org/W2052283239","https://openalex.org/W2074594718","https://openalex.org/W2117362057","https://openalex.org/W2155690458","https://openalex.org/W2172273481","https://openalex.org/W2260235112","https://openalex.org/W2413131564","https://openalex.org/W2797265718","https://openalex.org/W2806487405","https://openalex.org/W2912890068","https://openalex.org/W2944506927","https://openalex.org/W2994955154","https://openalex.org/W3036521249","https://openalex.org/W3039552148","https://openalex.org/W3046367386","https://openalex.org/W3113636917","https://openalex.org/W3159739294","https://openalex.org/W3195074764","https://openalex.org/W3202332328","https://openalex.org/W3212142976","https://openalex.org/W6633819675","https://openalex.org/W6715545339","https://openalex.org/W6780981311","https://openalex.org/W6803619223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088115909","https://openalex.org/W2357744715","https://openalex.org/W2369371265","https://openalex.org/W1602740375","https://openalex.org/W3200613697","https://openalex.org/W2806487405","https://openalex.org/W2186208389","https://openalex.org/W2165717452","https://openalex.org/W2479669449","https://openalex.org/W79931031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"a":[3,86,127,210,232],"barrier":[4],"that":[5,36,219],"prevents":[6],"the":[7,16,46,52,67,92,135,142,163,172,183,195,199,271],"timely":[8],"adoption":[9],"of":[10,26,54,69,94,109,194],"post-quantum":[11],"signature":[12,63,279],"algorithms,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"eXtended":[17],"Merkle":[18,119,138,166],"Signature":[19,115],"Scheme":[20],"(XMSS),":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,49,90,181],"its":[24],"lack":[25],"fast,":[27],"cost-effective":[28],"and":[29,62,85,118,137,165,168,202,236,242,260,278],"energy-efficient":[30],"hardware":[31,71,240],"accelerators.":[32,248],"Two":[33],"new":[34],"architectures":[35],"use":[37,93],"more":[38],"than":[39,244,270],"one":[40],"hash":[41,101,129,149,159,179,190],"core":[42,130,160],"are":[43,207,251],"proposed":[44,79,123,221],"for":[45,65,131,152],"first":[47,78],"time":[48,196],"significantly":[50,238],"reduce":[51],"latency":[53],"two":[55],"bottleneck":[56],"XMSS":[57,247],"operations,":[58,281],"namely":[59],"key":[60,276],"generation":[61,277,280],"generation,":[64],"which":[66],"speed":[68,235],"existing":[70,246],"accelerators":[72,222],"is":[73],"still":[74],"apparently":[75],"inadequate.":[76],"The":[77,121,157],"multi-core":[80,124],"design":[81,125,274],"uses":[82],"block":[83],"RAM":[84],"simplified":[87],"data":[88],"flow":[89],"maximize":[91],"<inline-formula":[95,143,173,184,224,252,261],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[96,144,174,185,225,253,262],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[97,145,175,186,226,254,263],"<tex-math":[98,146,176,187,227,255,264],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$p$":[99,147,177],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[100,148,178,189,229,259,268],"cores":[102,150,180,191],"concurrently":[103,170],"in":[104,134,155,275],"three":[105],"major":[106],"sequential":[107],"stages":[108],"computation,":[110],"i.":[111],"e.,":[112],"Winternitz":[113],"One-time":[114],"(WOTS),":[116],"L-tree":[117,136,164],"tree.":[120],"second":[122],"adds":[126],"dedicated":[128,158],"tree":[132,139,167],"hashing":[133,154],"while":[140,197],"keeping":[141],"solely":[151],"chain":[153],"WOTS.":[156],"leapfrogs":[161],"between":[162],"computes":[169],"with":[171,223],"keep":[182],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$p+1$":[188],"active":[192],"most":[193],"minimizing":[198],"storage":[200],"requirement":[201],"energy":[203,243],"consumption.":[204],"Both":[205],"designs":[206],"implemented":[208],"on":[209],"28":[211],"nm":[212],"ATRIX-7":[213],"FPGA":[214],"chip.":[215],"Experimental":[216],"results":[217],"show":[218],"both":[220],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$p=8$":[228],"operate":[230],"at":[231],"much":[233],"faster":[234,269],"consume":[237],"less":[239],"resources":[241],"all":[245],"Specifically,":[249],"they":[250],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\sim":[256,265],"8\\times":[257],"$":[258,267],"6\\times":[266],"fastest":[272],"reported":[273],"respectively.":[282]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
