{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293732052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944","title":"A 50-ps Gated VCRO-Based TDC With Compact Phase Interpolators for Flash LiDAR","display_name":"A 50-ps Gated VCRO-Based TDC With Compact Phase Interpolators for Flash LiDAR","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293732052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083905619","display_name":"Jin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9012-5648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9012-5648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019762369","display_name":"Xiayu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-6745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiayu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-6745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407397","display_name":"Dong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0368-3017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355682","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6981-0974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101551876","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5015-4989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039575274","display_name":"Zhangming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-1928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi”an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94566431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"12","first_page":"5096","last_page":"5107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5943507552146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.5472686886787415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5324091911315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.5319008827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5014684200286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.46983903646469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-adc","display_name":"Flash ADC","score":0.46484631299972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4494037330150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.4206456243991852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3524022102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.35044002532958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.33411020040512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3200363218784332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2575695514678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2534273564815521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.18164068460464478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12295356392860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-reference","display_name":"Voltage reference","score":0.08631667494773865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5943507552146912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.5472686886787415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5324091911315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.5319008827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5014684200286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.46983903646469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164862427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2744647","display_name":"Flash ADC","level":4,"score":0.46484631299972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4494037330150604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.4206456243991852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3524022102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.35044002532958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.33411020040512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3200363218784332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2575695514678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2534273564815521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.18164068460464478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12295356392860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44351266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465532","display_name":"Voltage reference","level":3,"score":0.08631667494773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3200944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2320218852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62021004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G46859149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61804114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5038432849","display_name":"\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6fc0\u5149\u96f7\u8fbe\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u82af\u7247\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61834004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8433157646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62134005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485506278","https://openalex.org/W1509148781","https://openalex.org/W1591551240","https://openalex.org/W2034078593","https://openalex.org/W2053286848","https://openalex.org/W2089744284","https://openalex.org/W2096299759","https://openalex.org/W2108324407","https://openalex.org/W2110144707","https://openalex.org/W2110815580","https://openalex.org/W2229442806","https://openalex.org/W2408182051","https://openalex.org/W2607241437","https://openalex.org/W2625779240","https://openalex.org/W2890379021","https://openalex.org/W2906868222","https://openalex.org/W2921869298","https://openalex.org/W2930354284","https://openalex.org/W2956011776","https://openalex.org/W2973862492","https://openalex.org/W3005771825","https://openalex.org/W3042788182","https://openalex.org/W3043073976","https://openalex.org/W3119109959","https://openalex.org/W3120192381","https://openalex.org/W3120996088","https://openalex.org/W3135749833","https://openalex.org/W3208444423","https://openalex.org/W4220916359","https://openalex.org/W6629142814","https://openalex.org/W6635408055","https://openalex.org/W6674652224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576949837","https://openalex.org/W4360861688","https://openalex.org/W3134930219","https://openalex.org/W984417604","https://openalex.org/W2967785526","https://openalex.org/W2065391525","https://openalex.org/W2148068418","https://openalex.org/W4318711045","https://openalex.org/W3084952742","https://openalex.org/W2151251192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,75,80,83,128],"small":[4],"footprint,":[5],"low":[6],"power":[7],"gated":[8],"voltage-controlled":[9],"ring":[10],"oscillator":[11],"(VCRO)-based":[12],"Time-To-Digital":[13],"converter":[14],"(TDC)":[15],"for":[16,144],"Flash":[17,145],"Light":[18],"Detection":[19],"and":[20,42,100,104,132],"Ranging":[21],"(LiDAR)":[22],"applications.":[23,147],"A":[24,48,88,109],"group":[25],"of":[26,61,85,137],"compact":[27],"local":[28],"phase":[29],"interpolators":[30],"(PIs)":[31],"are":[32],"used":[33,114],"to":[34,54,95,115,121],"improve":[35],"the":[36,56,62,97,106,117,123],"resolution,":[37],"which":[38],"is":[39,52,93,113],"highly":[40],"area-saving":[41],"compatible":[43],"with":[44],"in-pixel":[45,124],"TDC":[46,70],"structure.":[47],"non-reset":[49],"operation":[50],"mode":[51],"introduced":[53],"increase":[55],"linearity":[57,130],"by":[58],"taking":[59],"advantage":[60],"dynamic":[63],"element":[64],"matching":[65],"(DEM)":[66],"property.":[67],"The":[68],"proposed":[69],"has":[71],"been":[72],"fabricated":[73],"in":[74,79],"0.18-$\\mu":[76],"\\text{m}$HV-CMOS":[77],"technology":[78],"32$\\times32$array,":[81],"achieving":[82],"resolution":[84,107],"50":[86],"ps.":[87],"Phase":[89],"Lock":[90],"Loop":[91],"(PLL)":[92],"adopted":[94],"track":[96],"process,":[98],"voltage,":[99],"temperature":[101],"(PVT)":[102],"variations":[103],"make":[105],"tunable.":[108],"power-saving":[110],"analog":[111],"buffer":[112],"distribute":[116],"stable":[118],"control":[119],"voltage":[120],"all":[122],"TDCs.":[125],"Measurements":[126],"show":[127],"good":[129],"performance":[131],"array":[133],"uniformity":[134],"(a":[135],"deviation":[136],"only":[138],"0.89":[139],"ps),":[140],"making":[141],"it":[142],"suitable":[143],"LiDAR":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}