{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286542608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111","title":"Faster NTRU on ARM Cortex-M4 With TMVP-Based Multiplication","display_name":"Faster NTRU on ARM Cortex-M4 With TMVP-Based Multiplication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286542608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021053578","display_name":"\u0130rem Keskinkurt Paksoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-1150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irem Keskinkurt Paksoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2529-1150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009945678","display_name":"Murat Cenk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-8734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Cenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-8734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Mathematics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6165,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85592435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"10","first_page":"4083","last_page":"4092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ntru","display_name":"NTRU","score":0.968463659286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.7584648132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6126770377159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4528438150882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-multiplication","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","score":0.45106369256973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toeplitz-matrix","display_name":"Toeplitz matrix","score":0.4388324022293091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.43596014380455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4168386161327362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.32781583070755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3249799609184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.30924123525619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26588213443756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.22687044739723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.11645382642745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09224933385848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.07123488187789917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122368425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6955493","display_name":"NTRU","level":4,"score":0.968463659286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7584648132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6126770377159119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4528438150882721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.45106369256973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147710293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849428","display_name":"Toeplitz matrix","level":2,"score":0.4388324022293091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.43596014380455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4168386161327362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.32781583070755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3249799609184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.30924123525619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26588213443756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.22687044739723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.11645382642745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09224933385848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.07123488187789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3191111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/99090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/99090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190530026","https://openalex.org/W1649758727","https://openalex.org/W1675339804","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2001121794","https://openalex.org/W2017533742","https://openalex.org/W2028826090","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2105427204","https://openalex.org/W2150782829","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2556981344","https://openalex.org/W2791438321","https://openalex.org/W2796314191","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2903169466","https://openalex.org/W2903783893","https://openalex.org/W2906895767","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W2928261986","https://openalex.org/W2949507333","https://openalex.org/W3086755341","https://openalex.org/W3097289819","https://openalex.org/W3131978626","https://openalex.org/W3135898413","https://openalex.org/W3184144680","https://openalex.org/W4213181947","https://openalex.org/W6636949950","https://openalex.org/W6757553788","https://openalex.org/W6785453004","https://openalex.org/W6805376302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099313426","https://openalex.org/W4287593139","https://openalex.org/W752783541","https://openalex.org/W1506547947","https://openalex.org/W4206811032","https://openalex.org/W2995605830","https://openalex.org/W2086123442","https://openalex.org/W2596457687","https://openalex.org/W3212757063","https://openalex.org/W2093666864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,65,113],"speeding":[4],"up":[5,121],"NTRU":[6],"-":[7,18],"one":[8],"of":[9,13,58,110,117],"the":[10,14,21,33,62,72,82,85,93,99,108,114,122,151],"lattice-based":[11],"finalists":[12],"NIST":[15],"PQC":[16],"competition":[17],"by":[19,101],"improving":[20],"ring":[22],"multiplication.":[23],"The":[24,68],"Number":[25],"Theoretic":[26],"Transform":[27],"(NTT),":[28],"Toom-Cook,":[29],"and":[30,95,103,128,136],"Karatsuba":[31],"are":[32,78],"most":[34,88],"commonly":[35],"used":[36],"algorithms":[37,51,64,75,130,145],"for":[38,52,54],"implementing":[39],"NTRU.":[40,59,118],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,76],"propose":[45,77],"Toeplitz":[46],"matrix-vector":[47],"product":[48],"(TMVP)":[49],"based":[50],"multiplication":[53,74],"all":[55],"parameter":[56],"sets":[57],"We":[60,105,119],"implement":[61],"proposed":[63],"ARM":[66],"Cortex-M4.":[67],"results":[69],"show":[70],"that":[71],"TMVP-based":[73],"more":[79],"efficient":[80],"than":[81,150],"others":[83],"in":[84,87,98],"literature":[86,100],"cases.":[89],"Our":[90],"algorithm":[91],"forntruhps2048509outperform":[92],"Toom-Cook":[94],"NTT":[96],"methods":[97],"25.4%":[102],"21.5%.":[104],"also":[106],"observe":[107],"impact":[109],"these":[111],"improvements":[112],"overall":[115],"performance":[116],"speed":[120],"key":[123],"generation,":[124],"encryption,":[125],"decryption,":[126],"encapsulation,":[127],"decapsulation":[129],"ofntruhps2048509by":[131],"12.5%,":[132],"14.3%,":[133],"17.7%,":[134],"3.9%,":[135],"14.7%,":[137],"respectively,":[138],"compared":[139],"to":[140],"state-of-the-art":[141],"implementation.":[142],"Moreover,":[143],"our":[144],"require":[146],"less":[147],"stack":[148],"space":[149],"others.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}