{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286359449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707","title":"A 0.5\u20131.7 V Efficient and PVT-Invariant Constant Subthreshold <i>g<sub>m</sub> </i> Reference Circuit in CMOS","display_name":"A 0.5\u20131.7 V Efficient and PVT-Invariant Constant Subthreshold <i>g<sub>m</sub> </i> Reference Circuit in CMOS","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286359449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032911243","display_name":"Martin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9629-7384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080016117","display_name":"Kambiz Moez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-3272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kambiz Moez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032911243"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7205,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64658712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"10","first_page":"3915","last_page":"3926"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transconductance","display_name":"Transconductance","score":0.9730223417282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subthreshold-conduction","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","score":0.6896414756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5625870227813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-transconductance-amplifier","display_name":"Operational transconductance amplifier","score":0.47980597615242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.44671061635017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4449578523635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.4222668409347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-voltage","display_name":"Threshold voltage","score":0.4127700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39968442916870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3916676640510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.341460257768631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3332092761993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.3261563777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.32146936655044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.2912619113922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.15450936555862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14708325266838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-amplifier","display_name":"Operational amplifier","score":0.13031134009361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.10300099849700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.07215896248817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.06166708469390869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779283907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632964","display_name":"Transconductance","level":4,"score":0.9730223417282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156465305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658601","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","level":4,"score":0.6896414756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5625870227813721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58117264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239595","display_name":"Operational transconductance amplifier","level":5,"score":0.47980597615242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.44671061635017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4449578523635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.4222668409347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195370968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754002","display_name":"Threshold voltage","level":4,"score":0.4127700924873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39968442916870117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3916676640510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.341460257768631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3332092761993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3261563777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.32146936655044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.2912619113922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.15450936555862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14708325266838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145366948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178947","display_name":"Operational amplifier","level":4,"score":0.13031134009361267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.10300099849700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.07215896248817444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.06166708469390869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3188707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1598609045","https://openalex.org/W1897403048","https://openalex.org/W1984886993","https://openalex.org/W1987839639","https://openalex.org/W1995994759","https://openalex.org/W2028466776","https://openalex.org/W2030381734","https://openalex.org/W2030387700","https://openalex.org/W2063903419","https://openalex.org/W2070779665","https://openalex.org/W2079069453","https://openalex.org/W2083356181","https://openalex.org/W2094427689","https://openalex.org/W2096244624","https://openalex.org/W2102091251","https://openalex.org/W2126311411","https://openalex.org/W2140953980","https://openalex.org/W2146513064","https://openalex.org/W2160509435","https://openalex.org/W2165092337","https://openalex.org/W2171702041","https://openalex.org/W2188042098","https://openalex.org/W2509281929","https://openalex.org/W2742337354","https://openalex.org/W2760551206","https://openalex.org/W2773706209","https://openalex.org/W2793719048","https://openalex.org/W2801723981","https://openalex.org/W2971775058","https://openalex.org/W3212502668","https://openalex.org/W4225784767","https://openalex.org/W4231501498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242195200","https://openalex.org/W2783539788","https://openalex.org/W3115561561","https://openalex.org/W4293528144","https://openalex.org/W2009852498","https://openalex.org/W2792031931","https://openalex.org/W2341419291","https://openalex.org/W2074850648","https://openalex.org/W2953413763","https://openalex.org/W2556688074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,12,84,88,96,189],"low-power":[4],"constant":[5,13,85,158,163,178],"subthreshold":[6],"transconductance":[7,14,23,37,86,111,159,164,179,186,190],"reference":[8,112,165,187],"circuit":[9,146],"that":[10],"produces":[11,188],"by":[15,46],"subtracting":[16],"the":[17,27,30,34,48,64,109,122,136,142,144,156,167,176,184],"output":[18,31],"currents":[19,32],"of":[20,33,50,91,100,108,117,131,191],"two":[21,35],"independent":[22,36],"references.":[24,180],"By":[25],"taking":[26],"difference":[28],"between":[29],"references,":[38],"process,":[39],"voltage":[40,98,125,134],"and":[41,54,76,95,127],"temperature":[42,89,120,139],"variations":[43],"are":[44],"reduced":[45],"minimizing":[47],"effects":[49],"channel":[51],"length":[52],"modulation":[53],"drain-induced":[55],"barrier":[56],"lowering":[57],"without":[58],"relying":[59],"on":[60],"feedback":[61],"to":[62,93,102,155],"regulate":[63],"drain":[65],"voltage.":[66],"The":[67,105,161],"proposed":[68,110,145,162,185],"reference,":[69],"fabricated":[70],"in":[71],"TSMC\u2019s":[72],"130":[73],"nm":[74],"process":[75,152],"testing":[77],"with":[78],"off-chip":[79],"temperature-insensitive":[80],"resistors,":[81],"can":[82],"provide":[83],"over":[87,119,133,172],"range":[90,99,126],"\u221230":[92],"120\u00b0C,":[94],"supply":[97],"0.5":[101,182],"1.7":[103],"V.":[104],"experimental":[106],"result":[107],"shows":[113,148],"an":[114,128],"average":[115,129],"variation":[116,130,150],"\u00b10.8%":[118],"for":[121,135],"entire":[123,137],"operating":[124,138],"\u00b11.97%":[132],"range.":[140],"Through":[141],"subtraction,":[143],"also":[147],"less":[149],"across":[151],"corners":[153],"compared":[154],"conventional":[157],"reference.":[160],"exhibits":[166],"highest":[168],"power":[169,173],"efficiency":[170],"(transconductance":[171],"consumption)":[174],"amongst":[175],"reported":[177],"At":[181],"V,":[183],"21.46":[192],"<inline-formula":[193,204],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[194,205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[195,206],"<tex-math":[196,207],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[197,208],"\\text{S}$":[198],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[199,210],",":[200],"while":[201],"consuming":[202],"1.95":[203],"\\text{W}$":[209],".":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
