{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210299517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380","title":"LSMCore: A 69k-Synapse/mm<sup>2</sup> Single-Core Digital Neuromorphic Processor for Liquid State Machine","display_name":"LSMCore: A 69k-Synapse/mm<sup>2</sup> Single-Core Digital Neuromorphic Processor for Liquid State Machine","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210299517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111939510","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007869216","display_name":"Zhijie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-9617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084835984","display_name":"Shasha Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3308-9123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070971994","display_name":"Lianhua Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3128-3018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianhua Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362478","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7033-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034955875","display_name":"Ziyang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-365X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100623943","display_name":"Weixia Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6327-7372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixia Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111939510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89687078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"5","first_page":"1976","last_page":"1989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.8409212827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.642967700958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.5123918652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48806607723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.463808536529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3560855984687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35283347964286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3454402983188629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3364315629005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3319188356399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2968936860561371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2611168622970581}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.8409212827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.642967700958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.5123918652534485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48806607723236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.463808536529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3560855984687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35283347964286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3454402983188629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3364315629005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3319188356399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2968936860561371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2611168622970581}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2022.3147380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2676521254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB2202603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W2024654160","https://openalex.org/W2035031424","https://openalex.org/W2057755457","https://openalex.org/W2062245945","https://openalex.org/W2063695057","https://openalex.org/W2071892578","https://openalex.org/W2076015009","https://openalex.org/W2085766019","https://openalex.org/W2098366275","https://openalex.org/W2103179919","https://openalex.org/W2127411502","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2138952627","https://openalex.org/W2147030841","https://openalex.org/W2159951683","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2164653071","https://openalex.org/W2171851311","https://openalex.org/W2185878459","https://openalex.org/W2235666978","https://openalex.org/W2408153095","https://openalex.org/W2513853720","https://openalex.org/W2520854767","https://openalex.org/W2552542682","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2611005572","https://openalex.org/W2615772065","https://openalex.org/W2745933219","https://openalex.org/W2749476078","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2795655975","https://openalex.org/W2895590982","https://openalex.org/W2896127412","https://openalex.org/W2904922094","https://openalex.org/W2912005614","https://openalex.org/W2947476713","https://openalex.org/W2962752743","https://openalex.org/W2962804204","https://openalex.org/W2965466694","https://openalex.org/W2966431640","https://openalex.org/W2996412298","https://openalex.org/W3036866137","https://openalex.org/W3083683713","https://openalex.org/W3101174122","https://openalex.org/W3124716720","https://openalex.org/W3126603701","https://openalex.org/W3136670598","https://openalex.org/W3159913827","https://openalex.org/W6684743947","https://openalex.org/W6758413867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2756276189","https://openalex.org/W3117246098","https://openalex.org/W3089892344","https://openalex.org/W4306160827","https://openalex.org/W3040867865","https://openalex.org/W4313442939","https://openalex.org/W4312445171","https://openalex.org/W4322760791","https://openalex.org/W4378800753","https://openalex.org/W3000884231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"processors":[1,22],"have":[2],"gained":[3],"momentum":[4],"recently":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,17,64,173],"their":[8],"high":[9],"energy":[10],"efficiency":[11],"in":[12,45,137],"artificial":[13],"intelligence":[14],"applications":[15],"compared":[16],"DNN":[18],"accelerators.":[19],"Most":[20],"neuromorphic":[21,90],"are":[23,135,225],"executing":[24],"SNNs":[25],"(Spiking":[26],"Neural":[27],"Networks).":[28],"Liquid":[29],"State":[30],"Machine":[31],"(LSM),":[32],"as":[33],"the":[34,60,145,152,157,168,217],"spiking":[35],"version":[36],"of":[37,62,88,103,107,147,219],"reservoir":[38],"computing,":[39],"shows":[40],"advantages":[41],"and":[42,66,75,101,114,132,156,192,206,228],"great":[43],"potential":[44],"image":[46],"classification,":[47],"speech":[48],"recognition,":[49],"language":[50],"translation,":[51],"etc..":[52],"Comparing":[53,166],"with":[54,162,167],"other":[55],"SNN":[56],"models,":[57],"LSM":[58,95],"has":[59],"characteristics":[61],"easy":[63],"train":[65],"low":[67],"resource":[68],"utilization,":[69],"which":[70],"is":[71,154,159],"suitable":[72],"for":[73,124,128,213],"low-power":[74],"resource-constrained":[76],"edge":[77],"computing":[78],"scenarios.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,138],"paper,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"a":[85,89,163],"novel":[86],"design":[87],"processor,":[91],"LSMCore,":[92],"aiming":[93],"at":[94],"acceleration.":[96],"LSMCore":[97,148,170,220],"supports":[98],"both":[99],"training":[100,134,214],"inference":[102],"LSM.":[104],"It":[105],"consists":[106],"256":[108],"input":[109],"neurons,":[110,113],"1024":[111],"liquid":[112],"1.31M":[115],"synapses.":[116],"Besides,":[117],"multiple":[118],"optimization":[119],"techniques,":[120],"including":[121],"weight":[122],"quantization":[123],"reducing":[125],"storage,":[126],"zero-skipping":[127],"decreasing":[129],"dynamic":[130],"sparsity,":[131],"mini-batch":[133],"adopted":[136],"processor.":[139],"The":[140],"experimental":[141],"results":[142],"show":[143],"that":[144],"frequency":[146],"achieves":[149,171],"400":[150],"MHz,":[151],"power":[153],"4.9W":[155],"area":[158],"18.49":[160],"mm<sup>2</sup>":[161],"40nm":[164],"library.":[165],"baseline,":[169],"up":[172],"<inline-formula>":[174,183,193],"<tex-math":[175,179,184,188,194,198],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$80.7\\times":[176],"$":[177,181,186,190,196,200],"</tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula>":[178,187,197],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$49.6\\times":[180],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[182,191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$91.3\\times":[185],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$56.3\\times":[189],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$83.1\\times":[195],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$56.8\\times":[199],"</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[201],"speedup":[202],"on":[203,221],"MNIST,":[204],"N-MNIST,":[205],"Free":[207],"Spoken":[208],"Digital":[209],"Dataset":[210],"(FSDD)":[211],"respectively":[212],"(inference),":[215],"while":[216],"accuracy":[218],"these":[222],"three":[223],"datasets":[224],"96.8&#x0025;,":[226],"97.6&#x0025;,":[227],"90&#x0025;":[229],"respectively.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}