{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202332328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","title":"An Efficient Full Hardware Implementation of Extended Merkle Signature Scheme","display_name":"An Efficient Full Hardware Implementation of Extended Merkle Signature Scheme","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202332328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","mag":"3202332328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051407732","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-2241","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019129523","display_name":"Yanze Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanze Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7113-3511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664863","display_name":"Wen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-2336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Architecture and Security Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-2336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Architecture and Security Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101658241","display_name":"Xu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-2843"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-2843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396702","display_name":"Shuai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-0424"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2012-0424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rock-Solid Security Lab, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394414","display_name":"Jing Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-5090","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029335324","display_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051407732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.959,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88779506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":"682","last_page":"693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.752480149269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.5847147107124329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-traversal","display_name":"Tree traversal","score":0.5776954293251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.5687978267669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5335640907287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5074774622917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.48023730516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47213417291641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.41426581144332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3299274444580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32362014055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.3046369254589081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.29386812448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24033519625663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.2037559151649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16909265518188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1325051188468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.13043081760406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12222585082054138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.752480149269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.5847147107124329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140745168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1210082","display_name":"Tree traversal","level":2,"score":0.5776954293251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.5687978267669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5335640907287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5074774622917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.48023730516433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47213417291641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.41426581144332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3299274444580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32362014055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3046369254589081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.29386812448501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24033519625663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.2037559151649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16909265518188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1325051188468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.13043081760406494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12222585082054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3115786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3341859372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20191160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154446972","https://openalex.org/W1566345534","https://openalex.org/W1882598960","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2015880590","https://openalex.org/W2041190019","https://openalex.org/W2074594718","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2117362057","https://openalex.org/W2120775753","https://openalex.org/W2157071416","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2175377689","https://openalex.org/W2404488291","https://openalex.org/W2485295499","https://openalex.org/W2782751828","https://openalex.org/W2797265718","https://openalex.org/W2806487405","https://openalex.org/W2912890068","https://openalex.org/W2944506927","https://openalex.org/W2972877722","https://openalex.org/W2994955154","https://openalex.org/W3006575101","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3036521249","https://openalex.org/W3039552148","https://openalex.org/W3046367386","https://openalex.org/W3113636917","https://openalex.org/W3186988600","https://openalex.org/W3202406541","https://openalex.org/W3215133196","https://openalex.org/W4229941893","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W6801950474","https://openalex.org/W6804994573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W209676231","https://openalex.org/W2041190019","https://openalex.org/W2392337114","https://openalex.org/W1872558797","https://openalex.org/W4387259453","https://openalex.org/W2584255950","https://openalex.org/W2144564205","https://openalex.org/W3200613697","https://openalex.org/W1598984807","https://openalex.org/W2120775753"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,14,176],"full":[4,147],"hardware":[5,85,148,238,250],"implementation":[6,86,96,123,149,209,239],"of":[7,41,57,69,87,102,140,150,166,204,240],"the":[8,38,42,55,58,70,88,100,138,145,187,201,205,236],"eXtended":[9],"Merkle":[10,45],"Signature":[11,61],"Scheme":[12],"(XMSS),":[13],"NIST":[15],"approved":[16],"and":[17,44,91,128,161,173,191,215,223],"IETF":[18],"RFC":[19],"specified":[20],"post-quantum":[21],"cryptography":[22],"(PQC)":[23],"algorithm.":[24,94],"An":[25],"optimized":[26,121],"node":[27],"traversal":[28],"is":[29,107,144],"proposed":[30,84],"to":[31,109,112,181,196],"enable":[32],"efficient":[33,189],"memory":[34,116],"utilization":[35],"without":[36],"compromising":[37],"computational":[39,202],"latency":[40],"L-tree":[43],"tree":[46],"construction,":[47],"which":[48,106],"are":[49],"two":[50],"key":[51,64],"components":[52],"used":[53],"for":[54,122,133,210],"compression":[56],"Winternitz":[59],"One-Time":[60],"(WOTS)":[62],"public":[63],"in":[65,245],"XMSS.":[66,167],"The":[67,115,168],"computation":[68],"authentication":[71],"path":[72],"during":[73],"signature":[74],"generation":[75],"has":[76,97,118,170],"also":[77,228],"been":[78,119,171],"significantly":[79],"sped":[80],"up":[81],"by":[82,220],"our":[83,141],"Buchmann,":[89],"Dahmen,":[90],"Schneider":[92],"(BDS)":[93],"Our":[95],"completely":[98],"avoided":[99],"use":[101],"block":[103],"random-access":[104],"memory,":[105],"known":[108],"be":[110],"vulnerable":[111],"side-channel":[113],"attacks.":[114],"requirement":[117],"highly":[120],"with":[124,247],"small":[125],"flip-flop":[126],"chains":[127],"register":[129],"counters":[130],"as":[131],"pointers":[132],"fast":[134],"data":[135],"access.":[136],"To":[137],"best":[139,206],"knowledge,":[142],"this":[143],"first":[146],"all":[151],"three":[152],"<italic":[153,158,162,211,216,241],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[154,159,163,212,217,242],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">key":[155,213],"generation</i>":[156,214,219],",":[157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">signing</i>":[160],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">verification</i>":[164],"operations":[165],"design":[169],"prototyped":[172],"evaluated":[174],"on":[175],"28":[177],"nm":[178],"FPGA":[179,246],"platform":[180],"demonstrate":[182],"its":[183],"performance":[184],"improvements":[185],"over":[186],"most":[188],"software":[190],"hardware/software":[192],"co-design":[193],"methods":[194],"reported":[195,207],"date.":[197],"Specifically,":[198],"it":[199],"increases":[200],"efficiency":[203],"XMSS":[208],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">signature":[218,243],"about":[221],"20%":[222],"50%,":[224],"respectively.":[225],"It":[226],"can":[227],"run":[229],"at":[230],"10%":[231],"higher":[232],"clock":[233],"speed":[234],"than":[235],"fastest":[237],"verification</i>":[244],"8%":[248],"lower":[249],"resource":[251],"utilization.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}