{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3190727659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","title":"A Raw Image-Based End-to-End Object Detection Accelerator Using HOG Features","display_name":"A Raw Image-Based End-to-End Object Detection Accelerator Using HOG Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3190727659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","mag":"3190727659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362471","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-4722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450721","display_name":"Ling Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8206-3408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063714836","display_name":"Xin Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-5038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100362471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89804454,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"322","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6309587359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5828771591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5176761150360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-graphics-array","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","score":0.48753806948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4571710228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.430434912443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4282700717449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36781764030456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33082646131515503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6309587359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5828771591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5176761150360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139983466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17194","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","level":3,"score":0.48753806948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4571710228919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.430434912443161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4282700717449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36781764030456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33082646131515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3098053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3327889512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8443665856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M671268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594747968","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1978491093","https://openalex.org/W2004902747","https://openalex.org/W2008802978","https://openalex.org/W2009295221","https://openalex.org/W2077513643","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2125556102","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2221933138","https://openalex.org/W2257868038","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2428342532","https://openalex.org/W2573906126","https://openalex.org/W2582903495","https://openalex.org/W2615178951","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2784646572","https://openalex.org/W2792296420","https://openalex.org/W2797724535","https://openalex.org/W2799142918","https://openalex.org/W2804610524","https://openalex.org/W2905080335","https://openalex.org/W2951936020","https://openalex.org/W2974134299","https://openalex.org/W3012212207","https://openalex.org/W4232247295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360664843","https://openalex.org/W2364087260","https://openalex.org/W2390465755","https://openalex.org/W2094322362","https://openalex.org/W2351631418","https://openalex.org/W1981759662","https://openalex.org/W2126059285","https://openalex.org/W2994098388","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3159273459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,56],"end-to-end":[4,169],"object-detection":[5],"accelerator":[6,17,73,127,171],"that":[7,71,172],"processes":[8],"raw":[9,38,112,131,174],"Bayer":[10,175],"images":[11,39,176],"to":[12],"generate":[13],"detection":[14],"results.":[15],"The":[16,34,58,86,126],"utilizes":[18],"histogram":[19],"of":[20,51,55,147,162],"oriented":[21],"gradients":[22],"(HOG)":[23],"features":[24],"in":[25],"combination":[26],"with":[27,79,133,193],"a":[28,48,134],"support":[29],"vector":[30],"machine":[31],"(SVM)":[32],"classifier.":[33],"proposed":[35,59],"HOG":[36],"for":[37,183],"(HOGR)":[40],"skips":[41,179],"the":[42,63,68,72,76,80,144,159,163,167,180,187,194],"image":[43,81,149,195],"signal":[44],"processors":[45],"which":[46],"consume":[47],"significant":[49],"amount":[50],"power":[52],"(about":[53],"2.5X":[54],"accelerator).":[57],"architecture":[60],"temporally":[61],"partitions":[62],"algorithms":[64],"and":[65,101,117,190],"time":[66],"multiplexes":[67],"logic":[69],"such":[70],"works":[74],"on":[75,114],"same":[77],"frequency":[78,146],"sensor":[82,150],"using":[83,90],"affordable":[84],"resources.":[85],"prototype":[87],"is":[88,166,191],"verified":[89],"1080p":[91,130],"(":[92,103],"<inline-formula":[93,104],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[94,105],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[95,106],"<tex-math":[96,107],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1920\\times":[97],"1080$":[98],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[99,110],")":[100,111],"VGA":[102],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$640\\times":[108],"480$":[109],"videos":[113,132],"Altera":[115],"Arria10":[116],"Cyclone":[118],"IV":[119],"field":[120],"programmable":[121],"gate":[122],"array":[123],"(FPGA)":[124],"platforms.":[125],"can":[128],"process":[129],"12-scale":[135],"pyramid":[136],"at":[137],"60":[138],"frames":[139],"per":[140],"second":[141],"(FPS)":[142],"under":[143],"pixel":[145],"corresponding":[148],"(148.5":[151],"MHz),":[152],"consuming":[153],"510":[154],"Kbit":[155],"block":[156],"memory.":[157],"To":[158],"best":[160],"knowledge":[161],"authors,":[164],"this":[165],"first":[168],"HOG+SVM":[170],"takes":[173],"as":[177],"input,":[178],"ISP":[181],"pipeline":[182],"resource":[184],"optimization":[185],"from":[186],"system":[188],"perspective,":[189],"synchronized":[192],"sensor.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}