{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3150612885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","title":"Fast Strategies for the Implementation of SIKE Round 3 on ARM Cortex-M4","display_name":"Fast Strategies for the Implementation of SIKE Round 3 on ARM Cortex-M4","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3150612885","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","mag":"3150612885"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050880623","display_name":"Mila Anastasova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3530-7024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mila Anastasova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","Institute for Sensing and Embedded Network Systems Engineering (I-SENSE), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","[Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sensing and Embedded Network Systems Engineering (I-SENSE), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064156050","display_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63772739","display_name":"Florida Atlantic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p8w6387","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Azarderakhsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","Institute for Sensing and Embedded Network Systems Engineering (I-SENSE), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","PQSecure Technologies, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA","[Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sensing and Embedded Network Systems Engineering (I-SENSE), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PQSecure Technologies, LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63772739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025872285","display_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-3109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Mozaffari Kermani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","Computer Science and Eng Dept, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-3109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Eng Dept, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9915,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88673581,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"10","first_page":"4129","last_page":"4141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.7703637480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6960583925247192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isogeny","display_name":"Isogeny","score":0.6724115014076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-encapsulation","display_name":"Key encapsulation","score":0.6434476375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.42063888907432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.40897780656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17587122321128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1656254231929779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.15347504615783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve","display_name":"Elliptic curve","score":0.132779061794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.12414917349815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07914260029792786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7703637480735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960583925247192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779765290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1674414","display_name":"Isogeny","level":3,"score":0.6724115014076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35181327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398156","display_name":"Key encapsulation","level":5,"score":0.6434476375579834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.42063888907432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.40897780656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17587122321128845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1656254231929779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.15347504615783691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268493","display_name":"Elliptic curve","level":2,"score":0.132779061794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.12414917349815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07914260029792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3096916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3150612885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/115.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2970411418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2101085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322490","display_name":"Public Works and Government Services Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnsxq66"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43667552","https://openalex.org/W50929040","https://openalex.org/W141690682","https://openalex.org/W1490200949","https://openalex.org/W1871739018","https://openalex.org/W2009161425","https://openalex.org/W2125093890","https://openalex.org/W2163754149","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2200263712","https://openalex.org/W2495331295","https://openalex.org/W2539629874","https://openalex.org/W2552090562","https://openalex.org/W2740966734","https://openalex.org/W2769087986","https://openalex.org/W2884154563","https://openalex.org/W2979781487","https://openalex.org/W3007496297","https://openalex.org/W3011423565","https://openalex.org/W3014064789","https://openalex.org/W3024869997","https://openalex.org/W3041378054","https://openalex.org/W3047159940","https://openalex.org/W3047593630","https://openalex.org/W3086755341","https://openalex.org/W4237773356","https://openalex.org/W4243779250","https://openalex.org/W4256734252","https://openalex.org/W4406256860","https://openalex.org/W6763448327","https://openalex.org/W6765345317","https://openalex.org/W6771594061","https://openalex.org/W6780157656","https://openalex.org/W6786571452","https://openalex.org/W6795172667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3184144680","https://openalex.org/W2981367963","https://openalex.org/W3198749851","https://openalex.org/W2779177750","https://openalex.org/W2951344499","https://openalex.org/W2896667618","https://openalex.org/W2972939487","https://openalex.org/W2950748447","https://openalex.org/W2394598514","https://openalex.org/W3127189722","https://openalex.org/W2792799638","https://openalex.org/W2265649699","https://openalex.org/W2753988174","https://openalex.org/W2615741756","https://openalex.org/W2168266147","https://openalex.org/W2914999860","https://openalex.org/W285642768","https://openalex.org/W2949411135","https://openalex.org/W2097452438","https://openalex.org/W2995602410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134],"Supersingular":[1],"Isogeny":[2],"Key":[3],"Encapsulation":[4],"mechanism":[5],"(SIKE)":[6],"is":[7,51,172],"the":[8,24,28,55,66,69,75,90,97,102,110,115,128,132,145,177,189,194,215],"only":[9],"post-quantum":[10],"key":[11,58],"encapsulation":[12],"protocol":[13],"based":[14,100],"on":[15,101,109,119,153,214],"elliptic":[16],"curves":[17],"and":[18,38,45,72,118,156,192,199,206],"isogeny":[19],"maps":[20],"between":[21],"them.":[22],"Despite":[23],"quantum":[25],"security":[26,162,169,217],"of":[27,35,68,74,94,131,147,209],"protocol,":[29],"SIKE":[30],"requires":[31],"a":[32,79],"greater":[33],"number":[34],"clock":[36,116],"cycles":[37,117],"hence":[39],"does":[40],"not":[41],"provide":[42],"competitive":[43],"timing":[44],"energy":[46,129,204],"consumption":[47,130,205],"results.":[48],"However,":[49],"it":[50],"more":[52],"attractive":[53],"offering":[54],"smallest":[56],"public":[57],"as":[59,61],"well":[60],"ciphertext":[62],"sizes,":[63],"which":[64],"considering":[65],"impact":[67],"communication":[70],"costs":[71],"storage":[73],"keys":[76],"could":[77],"become":[78],"good":[80],"fit":[81],"for":[82,113,126,167,188],"resource-constrained":[83],"devices.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"work,":[87],"we":[88,150,202],"present":[89],"fastest":[91],"practical":[92],"implementation":[93,166],"SIKE,":[95],"targeting":[96],"platform":[98],"Cortex-M4":[99],"ARMv7-M":[103],"architecture.":[104],"We":[105],"performed":[106],"our":[107],"measurements":[108],"STM32F407VG":[111],"microcontroller":[112],"benchmarking":[114],"Nucleo-F411RE":[120],"attached":[121],"to":[122,159,211],"X-NUCLEO-LPM01A":[123],"(Power":[124],"Shield)":[125],"measuring":[127],"protocol.":[133],"low-level":[135],"finite":[136],"field":[137],"arithmetic":[138],"operations":[139],"play":[140],"main":[141],"role":[142],"in":[143,180],"determining":[144],"efficiency":[146],"SIKE.":[148],"Therefore,":[149],"mainly":[151],"focus":[152],"their":[154],"optimization":[155,208],"apply":[157],"them":[158],"all":[160],"NIST-required":[161],"levels.":[163],"Our":[164],"SIKEp434":[165],"NIST":[168,216],"level":[170,218],"1":[171],"about":[173],"22.97%":[174],"faster":[175],"than":[176],"counterparts":[178],"appeared":[179],"Seo":[181],"<italic":[182],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">et":[184],"al.</i>":[185],"(2020),":[186],"where":[187],"SIKEp503,":[190],"SIKEp610":[191],"SIKEp751":[193],"speedup":[195],"reaches":[196],"21.10%,":[197],"19.21%":[198],"19.08%.":[200],"Finally,":[201],"benchmark":[203],"report":[207],"up":[210],"11.9%":[212],"depending":[213],"implementation.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}