{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3177825958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","title":"An Ultra-Low Quiescent Current Tri-Mode DC-DC Buck Converter With 92.1% Peak Efficiency for IoT Applications","display_name":"An Ultra-Low Quiescent Current Tri-Mode DC-DC Buck Converter With 92.1% Peak Efficiency for IoT Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3177825958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","mag":"3177825958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066353712","display_name":"Menglian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-2892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Menglian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722833","display_name":"Mengyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-0328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028089041","display_name":"Shuang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8550-6320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033778823","display_name":"Yaopeng Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaopeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027350975","display_name":"Yanxia Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxia Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080535678","display_name":"Xuetong Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161184","display_name":"Shanghai Optical Instrument Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04cy5nh07","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161184"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuetong Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Texas Instrument Inc., Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Instrument Inc., Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024273068","display_name":"Rubo Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rubo Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rockchip Electronics Company Ltd., Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rockchip Electronics Company Ltd., Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100677577","display_name":"Xiaobo Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-5934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074328280","display_name":"Zhichao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4097-5123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronics Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066353712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94853441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"428","last_page":"439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.7466939091682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.660695493221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ripple","display_name":"Ripple","score":0.590752899646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buck-converter","display_name":"Buck converter","score":0.5459415912628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5379856824874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-frequency-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-frequency modulation","score":0.5332156419754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.4731900691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4715925455093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.45476630330085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/\u0107uk-converter","display_name":"\u0106uk converter","score":0.4528239667415619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4245266318321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.42141228914260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.41276177763938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.400627076625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36772051453590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.36691489815711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.2992919683456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.28285926580429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.26725390553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22973158955574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.2211109697818756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boost-converter","display_name":"Boost converter","score":0.17692655324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.15972384810447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12471067905426025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.7466939091682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.660695493221283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779599953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776117","display_name":"Ripple","level":3,"score":0.590752899646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150818752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83804","display_name":"Buck converter","level":3,"score":0.5459415912628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5379856824874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150251571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066418","display_name":"Pulse-frequency modulation","level":5,"score":0.5332156419754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4731900691986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4715925455093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.45476630330085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100329506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336439","display_name":"\u0106uk converter","level":4,"score":0.4528239667415619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4245266318321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42141228914260864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.41276177763938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.400627076625824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36772051453590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36691489815711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.2992919683456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28285926580429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.26725390553474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22973158955574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.2211109697818756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760134","display_name":"Boost converter","level":3,"score":0.17692655324935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.15972384810447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12471067905426025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3090911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5894950147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY18F040001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1993224331","https://openalex.org/W2018517974","https://openalex.org/W2082813987","https://openalex.org/W2097916147","https://openalex.org/W2101987266","https://openalex.org/W2122409567","https://openalex.org/W2160138842","https://openalex.org/W2275509161","https://openalex.org/W2284058816","https://openalex.org/W2328080862","https://openalex.org/W2343397873","https://openalex.org/W2345645781","https://openalex.org/W2546665051","https://openalex.org/W2757433926","https://openalex.org/W2772715109","https://openalex.org/W2791278992","https://openalex.org/W2791806918","https://openalex.org/W2797562674","https://openalex.org/W2885013695","https://openalex.org/W2890301889","https://openalex.org/W2923737966","https://openalex.org/W2990976435","https://openalex.org/W3013761231","https://openalex.org/W3017645234","https://openalex.org/W3033413068","https://openalex.org/W3040985911","https://openalex.org/W3159016540","https://openalex.org/W6694503959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602797194","https://openalex.org/W2169705106","https://openalex.org/W2080698269","https://openalex.org/W3217026243","https://openalex.org/W2134431346","https://openalex.org/W2249417072","https://openalex.org/W3003228920","https://openalex.org/W2945746437","https://openalex.org/W2540021480","https://openalex.org/W2903287462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"ultra-low":[1],"quiescent":[2,179],"current":[3,87,100,103],"tri-mode":[4],"DC-DC":[5],"buck":[6],"converter":[7,122,133,151,183],"is":[8,14,38,57,88,123,134],"presented":[9],"in":[10,49,136,196],"this":[11],"paper,":[12],"which":[13],"able":[15],"to":[16,40,85,161,171,207],"handle":[17],"a":[18,80,116,127,137,154,159,185,197],"100,000X":[19],"load":[20,86,198],"range.":[21],"In":[22],"pulse":[23,28],"width":[24],"modulation":[25,30],"(PWM)":[26],"and":[27,45,67,94,106,189],"frequency":[29,48,93],"(PFM)":[31],"mode,":[32],"adaptive":[33,84],"on-time":[34],"(AOT)":[35],"V<sup>2</sup>":[36],"control":[37,71],"utilized":[39],"achieve":[41],"seamless":[42],"mode":[43,55],"transition":[44],"constant":[46],"switching":[47,65,92],"PWM":[50],"mode.":[51],"A":[52,170,206],"deep":[53],"green":[54],"(DGM)":[56],"proposed":[58,132,182],"for":[59,164],"light":[60],"load,":[61,174],"where":[62],"both":[63],"the":[64,68,77,91,95,98,118,121,150],"loss":[66],"power":[69],"of":[70,101,120,200],"circuitry":[72],"are":[73,109],"minimized.":[74],"By":[75],"reducing":[76,90],"comparator":[78],"current,":[79],"delay-based":[81],"hysteresis":[82],"window":[83],"generated,":[89],"loss.":[96],"Meanwhile,":[97],"average":[99],"zero":[102],"detector":[104],"(ZCD)":[105],"AOT":[107],"controller":[108],"reduced":[110],"significantly":[111],"by":[112],"dynamic":[113],"biasing.":[114],"As":[115],"result,":[117],"efficiency":[119,188,190],"improved":[124],"while":[125,175],"maintaining":[126],"reasonable":[128],"output":[129,157],"ripple.":[130],"The":[131,181],"implemented":[135],"<inline-formula>":[138,165,201],"<tex-math":[139,166,202],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.18\\mu":[140],"$":[141,168,204],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[142,169,205],"m":[143],"BCD":[144],"technology.":[145],"Experimental":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"can":[152,191],"provide":[153],"1.6":[155],"V":[156],"from":[158],"2.7":[160],"4.7V":[162],"input":[163],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1\\mu":[167],"100":[172],"mA":[173],"consuming":[176],"only":[177],"490nA":[178],"current.":[180],"achieves":[184],"92.1&#x0025;":[186],"peak":[187],"be":[192],"maintained":[193],"above":[194],"80&#x0025;":[195],"range":[199],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$20\\mu":[203],"60":[208],"mA.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}