{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170227372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","title":"A New Energy-Efficient and High Throughput Two-Phase Multi-Bit per Cycle Ring Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generator","display_name":"A New Energy-Efficient and High Throughput Two-Phase Multi-Bit per Cycle Ring Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generator","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170227372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","mag":"3170227372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051407732","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065818226","display_name":"Xiaojin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-3516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034918713","display_name":"Wenhan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6168-1178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061840305","display_name":"Yue Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4992-6475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029335324","display_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051407732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94688787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"272","last_page":"283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.7049589157104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring-oscillator","display_name":"Ring oscillator","score":0.6955418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6060306429862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.45619848370552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4521784782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4102056622505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36242783069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31295329332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3043590188026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14562112092971802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.7049589157104492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104111718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2153973","display_name":"Ring oscillator","level":3,"score":0.6955418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6060306429862976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.45619848370552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4521784782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4102056622505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36242783069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31295329332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3043590188026428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14562112092971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3087512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2048597375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20190808151819049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330400","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3341859372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20191160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330400","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494590631","https://openalex.org/W1564219727","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W1999094902","https://openalex.org/W2010205010","https://openalex.org/W2014905809","https://openalex.org/W2016167533","https://openalex.org/W2092798673","https://openalex.org/W2094487134","https://openalex.org/W2095609723","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2102875151","https://openalex.org/W2104004623","https://openalex.org/W2113158626","https://openalex.org/W2117188320","https://openalex.org/W2139280266","https://openalex.org/W2146626643","https://openalex.org/W2160990975","https://openalex.org/W2171259223","https://openalex.org/W2294367841","https://openalex.org/W2318869941","https://openalex.org/W2401371495","https://openalex.org/W2549213854","https://openalex.org/W2550746331","https://openalex.org/W2584442328","https://openalex.org/W2594309104","https://openalex.org/W2606166920","https://openalex.org/W2610291885","https://openalex.org/W2791679330","https://openalex.org/W2793181371","https://openalex.org/W2793953927","https://openalex.org/W2801259407","https://openalex.org/W2802302584","https://openalex.org/W2806185338","https://openalex.org/W2898748682","https://openalex.org/W2899302029","https://openalex.org/W3016915558","https://openalex.org/W3151438815","https://openalex.org/W4243494487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094682234","https://openalex.org/W3163429744","https://openalex.org/W2538722267","https://openalex.org/W2147847337","https://openalex.org/W2014970931","https://openalex.org/W2120646029","https://openalex.org/W2066059486","https://openalex.org/W3206177601","https://openalex.org/W3127387330","https://openalex.org/W3160265021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oscillator-based":[0],"elementary":[1],"true":[2],"random":[3,38,152],"number":[4,176],"generator":[5],"(TRNG)":[6],"uses":[7],"a":[8,16,43,166,190,219],"slow":[9,68,91,94,142],"jittery":[10,95,134,159],"ring":[11],"oscillator":[12],"(RO)":[13],"to":[14,50,70,109,173,287],"sample":[15],"fast":[17,32,76,182],"RO.":[18,150,183],"The":[19,93,132,184,277],"ROs":[20,69,96,143,160],"are":[21,34,61,97,117],"always":[22],"on":[23],"but":[24],"most":[25],"of":[26,30,66,129,141,157,177,180,200,222,236,243,264,280],"the":[27,31,52,56,67,72,75,82,105,121,126,130,138,147,158,175,181,201,206,227,233,240,257,281],"oscillatory":[28,178],"cycles":[29,179],"RO":[33,77],"not":[35],"sampled":[36],"into":[37],"bits.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"new":[44],"lightweight":[45],"TRNG":[46,186,208],"design":[47],"is":[48,78,144,187,285],"proposed":[49,185,207],"minimize":[51],"power":[53,112],"wasted":[54],"by":[55,119,137,146,164],"superfluous":[57],"oscillations.":[58],"Random":[59],"bits":[60,153],"extracted":[62,163],"from":[63,154],"both":[64],"phases":[65],"increase":[71],"throughput":[73],"and":[74,124,239,266,275],"activated":[79],"only":[80],"during":[81],"narrow":[83,133],"transition":[84],"time":[85],"difference":[86],"between":[87],"two":[88],"symmetrically":[89],"designed":[90],"ROs.":[92],"implemented":[98],"using":[99,165],"current":[100,128],"starved":[101],"inverters":[102],"biased":[103],"in":[104,189],"weak":[106],"inversion":[107],"region":[108],"reduce":[110],"their":[111],"consumption.":[113],"Their":[114],"jitter":[115],"amplitudes":[116],"increased":[118],"lowering":[120],"oscillation":[122],"frequency":[123],"reducing":[125],"drain":[127],"transistors.":[131],"pulse":[135],"generated":[136,253],"differential":[139],"pair":[140],"quantized":[145],"fastest":[148],"three-stage":[149],"Two":[151],"each":[155],"phase":[156],"can":[161],"be":[162,288],"gigahertz":[167],"dynamic":[168],"toggled":[169],"D":[170],"flip-flop":[171],"counter":[172],"count":[174],"fabricated":[188,202],"standard":[191],"65":[192],"nm":[193],"1.2":[194],"V":[195],"CMOS":[196],"process.":[197],"Measurement":[198],"results":[199],"chips":[203,284],"show":[204],"that":[205],"consumes":[209],"merely":[210],"<inline-formula":[211,244],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[212,245,293],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[213,246],"<tex-math":[214,247],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$260~\\mu":[215],"\\text{W}$":[216],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[217,250],"at":[218],"bit":[220,254],"rate":[221],"52":[223],"Mbps.":[224],"It":[225],"outperforms":[226],"state-of-art":[228],"on-chip":[229],"jitter-based":[230],"TRNGs":[231],"with":[232],"best":[234],"figure-of-merit":[235],"5":[237],"pJ/bit":[238],"smallest":[241],"footprint":[242],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$366~\\mu":[248],"\\text{m}^{2}$":[249],".":[251],"Its":[252],"sequence":[255],"passes":[256],"statistical":[258],"randomness":[259],"tests":[260],"including":[261],"National":[262],"Institute":[263],"Standards":[265],"Technology":[267],"(NIST)":[268],"test,":[269],"Auto":[270],"Correlation":[271],"Factor":[272],"(ACF)":[273],"test":[274],"bias.":[276],"mean":[278],"redundancy":[279],"ten":[282],"tested":[283],"measured":[286],"less":[289],"than":[290],"10":[291],"<sup":[292],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">\u22125</sup>":[294],"bit/symbol.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}