{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3145286053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","title":"Magnetoresistive Circuits and Systems: Embedded Non-Volatile Memory to Crossbar Arrays","display_name":"Magnetoresistive Circuits and Systems: Embedded Non-Volatile Memory to Crossbar Arrays","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3145286053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","mag":"3145286053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063461726","display_name":"Amogh Agrawal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-9085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amogh Agrawal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-9085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039113028","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8815-2871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8815-2871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031858360","display_name":"T. P. Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-5785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanvi Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-5785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031161187","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3647,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79292828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"6","first_page":"2281","last_page":"2294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.8860536813735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.8857224583625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.712011456489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4926610589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.40703991055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3823394179344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3304872512817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32576704025268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.1590760052204132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15466704964637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15319028496742249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8860536813735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.8857224583625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.712011456489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4926610589027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.40703991055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3823394179344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3304872512817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32576704025268555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.1590760052204132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15466704964637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15319028496742249}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2021.3069682","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":157,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W996077520","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1666744401","https://openalex.org/W1964504828","https://openalex.org/W1965304117","https://openalex.org/W1965684113","https://openalex.org/W1967035245","https://openalex.org/W1967547265","https://openalex.org/W1972013365","https://openalex.org/W1975724328","https://openalex.org/W1979534490","https://openalex.org/W1980459528","https://openalex.org/W1988319887","https://openalex.org/W1990313455","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W1993991717","https://openalex.org/W1996092882","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2000818868","https://openalex.org/W2002022853","https://openalex.org/W2004596214","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2006880809","https://openalex.org/W2010860794","https://openalex.org/W2012923077","https://openalex.org/W2014744284","https://openalex.org/W2014987330","https://openalex.org/W2019608217","https://openalex.org/W2023605844","https://openalex.org/W2024122052","https://openalex.org/W2034097727","https://openalex.org/W2035925590","https://openalex.org/W2037861334","https://openalex.org/W2038011252","https://openalex.org/W2039122980","https://openalex.org/W2047379549","https://openalex.org/W2054420235","https://openalex.org/W2055549420","https://openalex.org/W2057888482","https://openalex.org/W2059927838","https://openalex.org/W2063219138","https://openalex.org/W2069510906","https://openalex.org/W2075372638","https://openalex.org/W2082217244","https://openalex.org/W2088797290","https://openalex.org/W2096199318","https://openalex.org/W2096445739","https://openalex.org/W2096470311","https://openalex.org/W2101575856","https://openalex.org/W2105230450","https://openalex.org/W2106738517","https://openalex.org/W2115598106","https://openalex.org/W2129362240","https://openalex.org/W2130195589","https://openalex.org/W2131862714","https://openalex.org/W2137560895","https://openalex.org/W2139620825","https://openalex.org/W2141626281","https://openalex.org/W2144896327","https://openalex.org/W2144897439","https://openalex.org/W2147926533","https://openalex.org/W2148256155","https://openalex.org/W2148394909","https://openalex.org/W2155551886","https://openalex.org/W2159904000","https://openalex.org/W2160796815","https://openalex.org/W2165966886","https://openalex.org/W2168626011","https://openalex.org/W2197512205","https://openalex.org/W2197817604","https://openalex.org/W2214682759","https://openalex.org/W2275312256","https://openalex.org/W2304605759","https://openalex.org/W2319541531","https://openalex.org/W2328430807","https://openalex.org/W2329608471","https://openalex.org/W2342993049","https://openalex.org/W2364964003","https://openalex.org/W2404427863","https://openalex.org/W2419199464","https://openalex.org/W2463288820","https://openalex.org/W2474836123","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2514994418","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2526202524","https://openalex.org/W2534684513","https://openalex.org/W2550051656","https://openalex.org/W2593172471","https://openalex.org/W2593865516","https://openalex.org/W2612444462","https://openalex.org/W2614421097","https://openalex.org/W2615320339","https://openalex.org/W2624816601","https://openalex.org/W2757632807","https://openalex.org/W2757877235","https://openalex.org/W2760655081","https://openalex.org/W2768145587","https://openalex.org/W2769164087","https://openalex.org/W2805379021","https://openalex.org/W2811075750","https://openalex.org/W2888888896","https://openalex.org/W2895842071","https://openalex.org/W2899031046","https://openalex.org/W2907521469","https://openalex.org/W2911438577","https://openalex.org/W2912429453","https://openalex.org/W2912871364","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2941172511","https://openalex.org/W2946125513","https://openalex.org/W2954115294","https://openalex.org/W2960963051","https://openalex.org/W2963083758","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2963909880","https://openalex.org/W2964089300","https://openalex.org/W2971198113","https://openalex.org/W2976137532","https://openalex.org/W3000497601","https://openalex.org/W3003850204","https://openalex.org/W3005843323","https://openalex.org/W3006384944","https://openalex.org/W3016957730","https://openalex.org/W3027809542","https://openalex.org/W3033519076","https://openalex.org/W3039414675","https://openalex.org/W3042468132","https://openalex.org/W3045345759","https://openalex.org/W3063704153","https://openalex.org/W3082007433","https://openalex.org/W3086422614","https://openalex.org/W3091835145","https://openalex.org/W3099679779","https://openalex.org/W3100254053","https://openalex.org/W3100466793","https://openalex.org/W3100863146","https://openalex.org/W3103922978","https://openalex.org/W3104904034","https://openalex.org/W3107913576","https://openalex.org/W3109556898","https://openalex.org/W3127994335","https://openalex.org/W3133192705","https://openalex.org/W3143577886","https://openalex.org/W4243585432","https://openalex.org/W4252811018","https://openalex.org/W6636521220","https://openalex.org/W6648212474","https://openalex.org/W6650147763","https://openalex.org/W6652203013","https://openalex.org/W6660640755","https://openalex.org/W6684149499","https://openalex.org/W6744894953","https://openalex.org/W6765699451","https://openalex.org/W6766277174","https://openalex.org/W6786243335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145932742","https://openalex.org/W2554791727","https://openalex.org/W3146164987","https://openalex.org/W1874409533","https://openalex.org/W1981395029","https://openalex.org/W2108083791","https://openalex.org/W4250137794","https://openalex.org/W2063341228","https://openalex.org/W2111673944","https://openalex.org/W3145286053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"overview":[1],"article":[2],"describes":[3],"Magnetoresistive":[4],"Random":[5],"Access":[6],"Memory":[7],"(MRAM)":[8],"from":[9],"a":[10],"circuits":[11],"and":[12,19,39,52,55,80,92,122,128,157,172],"systems":[13],"perspective.":[14],"We":[15,88],"discuss":[16],"various":[17,75,93,106,124],"tradeoffs":[18,76],"design":[20,126],"challenges":[21,91],"of":[22,108,119,130,143],"MRAM":[23,44,86,120,131,144],"in":[24,77,117],"three":[25],"broad":[26],"application":[27],"areas:":[28],"1)":[29],"embedded":[30],"non-volatile":[31],"memory":[32],"(eNVMs),":[33],"2)":[34],"crossbar-based":[35],"analog":[36],"in-memory":[37],"computing,":[38],"3)":[40],"stochastic":[41,158,173],"computing.":[42],"Certain":[43],"characteristics,":[45],"such":[46,164],"as":[47,132,165],"high":[48,50],"retention,":[49],"endurance":[51],"fast":[53,167],"read":[54],"write":[56],"operations,":[57],"make":[58],"them":[59],"ideal":[60],"for":[61,67,112,149,160,169],"replacing":[62],"the":[63],"standard":[64],"CMOS":[65],"memories":[66],"last-level":[68],"cache":[69],"applications":[70],"with":[71],"future":[72],"scaling.":[73],"However,":[74],"power,":[78],"performance":[79],"area":[81],"pose":[82],"conflicting":[83],"requirements":[84,107],"on":[85,139],"design.":[87],"explore":[89],"these":[90],"circuit":[94],"techniques":[95],"that":[96],"have":[97],"been":[98],"developed":[99],"to":[100],"mitigate":[101],"them.":[102],"Further,":[103],"we":[104,136],"present":[105],"memristive":[109],"crossbar":[110,133],"arrays":[111],"accelerating":[113],"matrix-vector-multiplication":[114],"(MVM)":[115],"operations":[116],"light":[118],"devices,":[121],"highlight":[123],"challenges,":[125],"considerations,":[127],"applicability":[129],"arrays.":[134],"Finally,":[135],"will":[137],"elaborate":[138],"how":[140],"inherent":[141],"stochasticity":[142],"devices":[145],"can":[146],"be":[147],"leveraged":[148],"implementing":[150],"energy-efficient":[151],"true":[152],"random":[153],"number":[154],"generators":[155],"(TRNGs)":[156],"units":[159],"performing":[161],"certain":[162],"tasks,":[163],"developing":[166],"solvers":[168],"combinatorial":[170],"optimization,":[171],"neural":[174],"networks.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
