{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127399361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","title":"Non-Volatile Approximate Arithmetic Circuits Using Scalable Hybrid Spin-CMOS Majority Gates","display_name":"Non-Volatile Approximate Arithmetic Circuits Using Scalable Hybrid Spin-CMOS Majority Gates","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127399361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","mag":"3127399361"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019717600","display_name":"Honglan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-4240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honglan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3705-4240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051680668","display_name":"Shaahin Angizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-6381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaahin Angizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-6381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047916979","display_name":"Deliang Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-6297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deliang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-6297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005550142","display_name":"Jie Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358856","display_name":"Leibo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leibo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.832138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"3","first_page":"1217","last_page":"1230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7067463397979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6550134420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-compressor","display_name":"Gas compressor","score":0.6510834693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6115643382072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.5157575607299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.45371919870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4365875720977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4314281642436981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.42033490538597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30161812901496887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2641875743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17829138040542603}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7067463397979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6550134420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131097465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178898","display_name":"Gas compressor","level":2,"score":0.6510834693908691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6115643382072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5157575607299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.45371919870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4365875720977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4314281642436981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.42033490538597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30161812901496887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2641875743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17829138040542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3044728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3500963698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES0025211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4969156712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZX01027101-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6148554510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES0048688","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7442261201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61834002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8823103405","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M650679","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493017827","https://openalex.org/W1531377332","https://openalex.org/W1984800735","https://openalex.org/W1990529743","https://openalex.org/W1994953389","https://openalex.org/W1997971931","https://openalex.org/W2006221630","https://openalex.org/W2009053018","https://openalex.org/W2020217519","https://openalex.org/W2022691368","https://openalex.org/W2027006313","https://openalex.org/W2067925678","https://openalex.org/W2096199318","https://openalex.org/W2102653533","https://openalex.org/W2103954785","https://openalex.org/W2106223839","https://openalex.org/W2109640656","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2124651102","https://openalex.org/W2127039903","https://openalex.org/W2127974982","https://openalex.org/W2131862714","https://openalex.org/W2140975144","https://openalex.org/W2162489687","https://openalex.org/W2163270290","https://openalex.org/W2214682759","https://openalex.org/W2342746717","https://openalex.org/W2472395098","https://openalex.org/W2514994418","https://openalex.org/W2520072212","https://openalex.org/W2550037452","https://openalex.org/W2551533407","https://openalex.org/W2577531088","https://openalex.org/W2584580867","https://openalex.org/W2585713259","https://openalex.org/W2759500842","https://openalex.org/W2765733944","https://openalex.org/W2768145587","https://openalex.org/W2789275845","https://openalex.org/W2799283557","https://openalex.org/W2804278822","https://openalex.org/W2808327285","https://openalex.org/W2908518198","https://openalex.org/W2916844179","https://openalex.org/W2948850835","https://openalex.org/W2963082845","https://openalex.org/W3048414096","https://openalex.org/W3048676106","https://openalex.org/W6629285079","https://openalex.org/W6631817400","https://openalex.org/W6726866129"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014521742","https://openalex.org/W2617868873","https://openalex.org/W3204141294","https://openalex.org/W2180065763","https://openalex.org/W4386230336","https://openalex.org/W4306968100","https://openalex.org/W2389800961","https://openalex.org/W1995389502","https://openalex.org/W2170979950","https://openalex.org/W1900707063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,67,80,92,97,106,118,137,141,155,162,196],"nanoscale":[2],"era,":[3],"leakage/static":[4],"power":[5,30],"dissipation":[6],"has":[7],"become":[8],"an":[9,77,121],"inevitable":[10],"and":[11,31,74,104,123,133,171,176,201,210],"important":[12],"issue":[13],"for":[14,39,71,117],"CMOS":[15],"devices.":[16],"To":[17,42,102],"alleviate":[18],"this":[19,43],"issue,":[20],"we":[21],"propose":[22],"to":[23,51,89,136,159],"use":[24],"spintronic":[25,45],"devices":[26,47],"with":[27,145],"near-zero":[28],"leakage":[29],"non-volatility":[32],"as":[33,130],"key":[34],"components":[35],"in":[36,66,193,204,208],"arithmetic":[37],"circuits":[38],"error-resilient":[40],"applications.":[41],"end,":[44],"threshold":[46],"are":[48,63],"first":[49],"utilized":[50],"construct":[52],"highly-scalable":[53],"majority":[54],"gates":[55],"(MGs)":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58,96],"spin-CMOS":[59],"technology.":[60],"These":[61],"MGs":[62],"then":[64],"used":[65],"design":[68,119],"of":[69,83,99,120,140,149],"compressors":[70,128,144,165],"constructing":[72],"multipliers":[73],"accumulators.":[75],"For":[76,187],"MG-based":[78,107],"compressor,":[79],"truth":[81],"table":[82],"a":[84,109,146,180,189],"conventional":[85],"compressor":[86],"is":[87,114],"transformed":[88],"ensure":[90],"that":[91],"outputs":[93],"depend":[94],"only":[95],"number":[98,148],"input":[100],"\u201c1\u201ds.":[101],"synthesize":[103],"optimize":[105],"circuits,":[108],"heuristic":[110],"majority-inverter":[111],"graph":[112],"(HMIG)":[113],"further":[115],"proposed":[116,163],"accurate":[122],"two":[124],"approximate":[125,143,185,216],"non-volatile":[126],"4-2":[127,164],"(denoted":[129],"MG-EC,":[131],"MG-AC1":[132,175,200],"MG-AC2).":[134],"Due":[135],"high":[138],"scalability":[139],"MGs,":[142],"larger":[147],"inputs":[150],"can":[151],"be":[152],"devised":[153],"using":[154,199,214],"same":[156],"method.":[157],"Compared":[158],"previous":[160],"designs,":[161],"show":[166],"shorter":[167],"critical":[168],"path":[169],"delays":[170],"lower":[172],"energy":[173,211],"consumption;":[174],"MG-AC2":[177,202],"also":[178],"achieve":[179],"higher":[181],"accuracy":[182],"than":[183,212],"state-of-the-art":[184],"designs.":[186,217],"achieving":[188],"similar":[190],"image":[191,194],"quality":[192],"compression,":[195],"multiplier":[197],"implementations":[198],"result":[203],"more":[205],"significant":[206],"reductions":[207],"delay":[209],"those":[213],"other":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}