{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3040985911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","title":"A 470-nA Quiescent Current and 92.7%/94.7% Efficiency DCT/PWM Control Buck Converter With Seamless Mode Selection for IoT Application","display_name":"A 470-nA Quiescent Current and 92.7%/94.7% Efficiency DCT/PWM Control Buck Converter With Seamless Mode Selection for IoT Application","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3040985911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","mag":"3040985911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001443697","display_name":"Wen\u2010Liang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-856X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Liang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062762447","display_name":"Yuan Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-7556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043052453","display_name":"Chi\u2010Seng Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Seng Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073702117","display_name":"Sai\u2010Weng Sin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9346-8291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai-Weng Sin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036082481","display_name":"Weng-Keong Che","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Keong Che","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007479609","display_name":"Ran Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-7507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114907","display_name":"Allwinner Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/027jnbj33","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allwinner Technology Company Ltd., Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allwinner Technology Company Ltd., Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943352","display_name":"Rui P. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Paulo Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001443697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92838522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"11","first_page":"4085","last_page":"4098"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.7984840273857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.532903254032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buck-converter","display_name":"Buck converter","score":0.5056583881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.46627262234687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.4592367112636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45137491822242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4412638545036316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4002131223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3568744659423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3348124027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3295341730117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2787042260169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.234928697347641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.22566449642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.1644625961780548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.06454065442085266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.7984840273857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.532903254032135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150818752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83804","display_name":"Buck converter","level":3,"score":0.5056583881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.46627262234687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4592367112636566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45137491822242737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4412638545036316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4002131223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3568744659423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3348124027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3295341730117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2787042260169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.234928697347641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.22566449642181396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.1644625961780548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.06454065442085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.3006200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3899903877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG2018-00020-AMSV","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566916904","https://openalex.org/W1589194756","https://openalex.org/W2025411433","https://openalex.org/W2083489817","https://openalex.org/W2096641674","https://openalex.org/W2112411311","https://openalex.org/W2123617179","https://openalex.org/W2146031070","https://openalex.org/W2275509161","https://openalex.org/W2284058816","https://openalex.org/W2318777170","https://openalex.org/W2482891568","https://openalex.org/W2546665051","https://openalex.org/W2791169167","https://openalex.org/W2791278992","https://openalex.org/W2802246653","https://openalex.org/W2887448893","https://openalex.org/W2893267240","https://openalex.org/W2952147566","https://openalex.org/W2953692739","https://openalex.org/W2954472113","https://openalex.org/W2972245073","https://openalex.org/W4229976411","https://openalex.org/W6694503959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014521742","https://openalex.org/W2617868873","https://openalex.org/W3204141294","https://openalex.org/W2040398333","https://openalex.org/W4386230336","https://openalex.org/W4306968100","https://openalex.org/W2763152318","https://openalex.org/W2187813406","https://openalex.org/W1878742981","https://openalex.org/W2370850561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"ultra-low":[1],"quiescent":[2,90],"current":[3,91,122],"dual-mode":[4],"buck":[5],"converter":[6,58],"system":[7],"is":[8,102],"designed":[9],"for":[10],"IoT":[11],"application,":[12],"which":[13],"includes":[14],"a":[15,21,36,54,60,79],"double":[16],"clock":[17],"time":[18,119],"(DCT)":[19],"and":[20,42,67,99],"pulse-width-modulation":[22],"(PWM)":[23],"control":[24],"modes.":[25],"The":[26,104],"proposed":[27],"DCT":[28,48],"mode":[29,45,106],"can":[30],"reduce":[31],"the":[32],"conversion":[33],"loss":[34],"over":[35],"wide":[37,80],"loading":[38],"range":[39],"from":[40,47,70,83,124],"nA-to-mA":[41],"achieve":[43],"seamless":[44],"transition":[46],"to":[49,74,86,127],"PWM":[50],"control.":[51],"Implemented":[52],"in":[53,65],"0.18\u03bcm":[55],"CMOS,":[56],"this":[57],"achieves":[59,109],"peak":[61],"efficiency":[62,69],"of":[63,92,112],"92.7%/94.7%":[64],"DCT/PWM":[66],">80%":[68],"10":[71],"\u03bc":[72],"A":[73,89],"50":[75,128],"mA":[76],"(5000x),":[77],"with":[78],"input":[81],"voltage":[82,97],"2":[84],"V":[85],"5":[87],"V.":[88],"470":[93],"nA":[94],"including":[95],"bandgap":[96],"reference":[98],"internal":[100],"oscillator":[101],"achieved.":[103],"DCT-to-PWM":[105],"selection":[107],"mechanism":[108],"an":[110],"undershoot":[111],"80":[113],"mV":[114],"at":[115],"11":[116],"\u03bcs":[117],"recovery":[118],"when":[120],"load":[121],"jumps":[123],"6.67":[125],"\u03bcA":[126],"mA.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
