{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016085798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","title":"VPQC: A Domain-Specific Vector Processor for Post-Quantum Cryptography Based on RISC-V Architecture","display_name":"VPQC: A Domain-Specific Vector Processor for Post-Quantum Cryptography Based on RISC-V Architecture","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016085798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","mag":"3016085798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063383365","display_name":"Guozhu Xin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-2986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guozhu Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066674438","display_name":"Jun Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5245-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047360044","display_name":"Tianyu Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101992427","display_name":"Yuchao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-4158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101814984","display_name":"Jianwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-968X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075507579","display_name":"Xu Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656792","display_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063383365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98443381,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"8","first_page":"2672","last_page":"2684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7808318138122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.7335461974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.630142331123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5367369055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.500952959060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-based-cryptography","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","score":0.49560415744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.47504520416259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4658186435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.46551206707954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.44202062487602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37086111307144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.2685502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22762539982795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.21844464540481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.15655025839805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13770177960395813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7808318138122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7335461974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.630142331123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5367369055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.500952959060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137660015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497083","display_name":"Lattice-based cryptography","level":5,"score":0.49560415744781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.47504520416259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4658186435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.46551206707954407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.44202062487602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37086111307144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2685502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22762539982795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.21844464540481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.15655025839805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13770177960395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2020.2983185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2519052758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61934002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4372233752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61751401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4596533236","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61525401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31130112","https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W1985147001","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2013706829","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2115638827","https://openalex.org/W2145428071","https://openalex.org/W2514587965","https://openalex.org/W2528154059","https://openalex.org/W2562276894","https://openalex.org/W2610487593","https://openalex.org/W2613335035","https://openalex.org/W2613496446","https://openalex.org/W2616692762","https://openalex.org/W2619630761","https://openalex.org/W2767399671","https://openalex.org/W2889344598","https://openalex.org/W2904062476","https://openalex.org/W2914539449","https://openalex.org/W2914654142","https://openalex.org/W2919623724","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2953568773","https://openalex.org/W2956549007","https://openalex.org/W2968786179","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3101479050","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W4250492047","https://openalex.org/W6681727476","https://openalex.org/W6731058201","https://openalex.org/W6746242683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137567370","https://openalex.org/W1988690899","https://openalex.org/W2010377910","https://openalex.org/W2373458073","https://openalex.org/W2139874914","https://openalex.org/W2101180534","https://openalex.org/W2064196560","https://openalex.org/W1886646278","https://openalex.org/W4361022834","https://openalex.org/W3093838961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,12,24,34,53,65,83,89,131],"5G":[2],"era,":[3],"massive":[4],"devices":[5],"need":[6],"to":[7,11,46,102],"be":[8],"securely":[9],"connected":[10],"edge":[13],"of":[14,33,38,55,61,67,70,92,97,134,164],"communication":[15],"networks,":[16],"while":[17],"emerging":[18],"quantum":[19],"computers":[20],"can":[21,149],"easily":[22],"crack":[23],"traditional":[25],"public-key":[26],"ciphers.":[27],"Lattice-based":[28],"cryptography":[29,43],"(LBC)":[30],"is":[31,108,123],"one":[32],"most":[35],"promising":[36],"types":[37],"schemes":[39],"in":[40,110],"all":[41],"post-quantum":[42],"(PQC)":[44],"due":[45],"its":[47],"security":[48],"and":[49,57,74,120,141,159],"efficiency.":[50],"To":[51,87],"meet":[52],"requirements":[54],"high-throughput":[56],"diverse":[58],"application":[59],"scenarios":[60],"5G,":[62],"we":[63],"investigate":[64],"vectorization":[66],"kernel":[68],"algorithms":[69],"several":[71,152],"LBC":[72],"candidates":[73],"thus":[75],"present":[76],"a":[77,104,113],"domain-specific":[78],"vector":[79,105,114,132],"processor,":[80],"VPQC,":[81],"leveraging":[82],"extensible":[84],"RISC-V":[85],"architecture.":[86],"support":[88],"parallel":[90],"computation":[91],"number":[93],"theoretic":[94],"transform":[95],"(NTT)":[96],"different":[98],"dimensions":[99],"(from":[100],"64":[101],"2048),":[103],"NTT":[106],"unit":[107],"implemented":[109],"VPQC.":[111],"Besides,":[112],"sampler":[115],"executing":[116],"both":[117],"uniform":[118],"sampling":[119,122],"binomial":[121],"also":[124],"employed.":[125],"Evaluated":[126],"under":[127],"TSMC":[128],"28nm":[129],"technology,":[130],"coprocessor":[133],"VPQC":[135,148],"consumes":[136],"942k":[137],"equivalent":[138],"logic":[139],"gates":[140],"12KB":[142],"memories.":[143],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"speed":[150],"up":[151],"typical":[153],"key":[154],"encapsulation":[155],"mechanisms":[156],"(NewHope,":[157],"Kyber":[158],"LAC)":[160],"by":[161],"an":[162],"order":[163],"magnitude":[165],"compared":[166],"with":[167],"previous":[168],"state-of-the-art":[169],"hardware":[170],"implementations.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}