{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962901003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","title":"A Secure Data-Toggling SRAM for Confidential Data Protection","display_name":"A Secure Data-Toggling SRAM for Confidential Data Protection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962901003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","mag":"2962901003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014926180","display_name":"Weng\u2010Geng Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Geng Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-3480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073268696","display_name":"Kwen\u2010Siong Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1512-2003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwen-Siong Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1512-2003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076628109","display_name":"Tony Tae-Hyoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1779-1799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Tae-Hyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["IC-Design Centre of Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1779-1799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IC-Design Centre of Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000314679","display_name":"Bah\u2010Hwee Gwee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-2885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bah-Hwee Gwee","raw_affiliation_strings":["IC-Design Centre of Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IC-Design Centre of Excellence, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014926180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74307979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"11","first_page":"4186","last_page":"4199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.9448802471160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imprinting","display_name":"Imprinting (psychology)","score":0.6632428169250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pmos-logic","display_name":"PMOS logic","score":0.6370759606361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5449766516685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4780693054199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38559719920158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3665403723716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.3353765606880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1583540141582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12108799815177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08668029308319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.08516767621040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.0819581151008606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.9448802471160889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94715292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624349","display_name":"Imprinting (psychology)","level":3,"score":0.6632428169250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27050352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173605","display_name":"PMOS logic","level":4,"score":0.6370759606361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5449766516685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4780693054199219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38559719920158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3665403723716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.3353765606880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1583540141582489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12108799815177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08668029308319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.08516767621040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0819581151008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2927363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/155306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/155306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W263842235","https://openalex.org/W1489288537","https://openalex.org/W1578960746","https://openalex.org/W1588349679","https://openalex.org/W1608762865","https://openalex.org/W1856375578","https://openalex.org/W1894354929","https://openalex.org/W1976448626","https://openalex.org/W1991891926","https://openalex.org/W2001433962","https://openalex.org/W2008867149","https://openalex.org/W2023834321","https://openalex.org/W2024789432","https://openalex.org/W2089307123","https://openalex.org/W2112628818","https://openalex.org/W2122757690","https://openalex.org/W2127596159","https://openalex.org/W2128892159","https://openalex.org/W2129817078","https://openalex.org/W2134069332","https://openalex.org/W2170961388","https://openalex.org/W2183849663","https://openalex.org/W2211628523","https://openalex.org/W2267744288","https://openalex.org/W2288979105","https://openalex.org/W2405694905","https://openalex.org/W2481702255","https://openalex.org/W2513930054","https://openalex.org/W2546993282","https://openalex.org/W2896567149","https://openalex.org/W4214569831","https://openalex.org/W4241505725","https://openalex.org/W6634584799","https://openalex.org/W6636146224","https://openalex.org/W6679030935","https://openalex.org/W6685227140","https://openalex.org/W6686055275","https://openalex.org/W7058365438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095795001","https://openalex.org/W2031972468","https://openalex.org/W4388836178","https://openalex.org/W1510452813","https://openalex.org/W2006330903","https://openalex.org/W2109746608","https://openalex.org/W2272535745","https://openalex.org/W2262823117","https://openalex.org/W2030523841","https://openalex.org/W4388820641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,133],"study":[1],"the":[2,12,22,36,45,51,58,64,68,88,93,107,113,127,151,162,165,240,248,252,256,263,274],"security":[3,201,212,220],"feature":[4,230],"of":[5,41],"static":[6],"random":[7],"access":[8],"memory":[9],"(SRAM)":[10],"against":[11,150],"data":[13,52,59,90,94,114,176,187,204,235],"imprinting":[14,53,60,95,100,115,136,177,188,205,236],"attack":[15],"and":[16,125,143,155,168,174,214,265],"provide":[17],"a":[18,75,119,156],"solution":[19],"to":[20,85,105,243],"protect":[21],"SRAM":[23,47,70,81,110,131,141,148,153,159,167,170,183,196,228,267,277],"from":[24,172],"this":[25,33],"attack.":[26],"There":[27],"are":[28],"four":[29],"main":[30],"contributions":[31],"in":[32,44,67,261,273],"paper.":[34],"First,":[35],"negative-bias":[37],"temperature-instability":[38],"(NBTI)":[39],"degradation":[40],"PMOS":[42],"transistors":[43],"conventional":[46,69],"cell":[48,71,82],"that":[49,62],"causes":[50],"effect":[54,61,189,237],"is":[55,72,83,103,259,270],"explained.":[56],"Second,":[57],"leaks":[63],"stored":[65,89,257],"information":[66,258],"investigated.":[73],"Third,":[74],"novel":[76],"low":[77,215,219,232],"transistor-count":[78],"transmission-gate-based":[79],"master-slave":[80],"proposed":[84,104,108,128,146,275],"periodically":[86],"toggle":[87],"for":[91,111,210,222],"reducing":[92],"effect.":[96,116],"Fourth,":[97],"an":[98],"efficient":[99],"analysis":[101,137,254],"flow":[102,138],"evaluate":[106],"data-toggling":[109,130,147,182,195,227,276],"quantifying":[112],"Based":[117],"on":[118,139],"65-nm":[120],"CMOS":[121],"process,":[122],"we":[123],"implement":[124],"prototype":[126],"1k-byte":[129],"design.":[132],"perform":[134],"our":[135,145,181,226],"various":[140],"ICs":[142,268],"benchmark":[144],"IC":[149,154],"non-toggling":[152,166,264],"commercial":[157],"Lyontek":[158,169,266],"IC.":[160,278],"From":[161],"measurement":[163],"results,":[164],"suffer":[171],"60%":[173],"81%":[175],"effects,":[178],"respectively,":[179],"whereas":[180],"has":[184],"only":[185],"11%":[186],"(at":[190],"160-kHz":[191],"toggling":[192,241],"frequency).":[193],"The":[194],"could":[197,229],"switch":[198],"between":[199],"high":[200,207],"(<;":[202,217],"5%":[203],"effect)":[206],"power":[208,216,249],"mode":[209,221],"hardware":[211],"applications":[213],"0.1mW)":[218],"power-saving":[223],"applications.":[224],"Particularly,":[225],"as":[231,233],"~1%":[234],"when":[238],"increasing":[239],"frequency":[242],"1.6":[244],"MHz":[245],"by":[246],"compromising":[247],"dissipation.":[250],"Using":[251],"image":[253],"flow,":[255],"revealed":[260],"both":[262],"but":[269],"well":[271],"protected":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
