{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964745453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","title":"An Integrated Discrete-Time Delay-Compensating Technique for Large-Array Beamformers","display_name":"An Integrated Discrete-Time Delay-Compensating Technique for Large-Array Beamformers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964745453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","mag":"2964745453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043213695","display_name":"Erfan Ghaderi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erfan Ghaderi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067135839","display_name":"Ajith Sivadhasan Ramani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-4428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ajith Sivadhasan Ramani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-4428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090377014","display_name":"Arya A. Rahimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arya A. Rahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086461408","display_name":"Deukhyoun Heo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-1739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deukhyoun Heo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1152-1739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048584348","display_name":"Sudip Shekhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-1929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudip Shekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-1929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054523682","display_name":"Subhanshu Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhanshu Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4754-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95712272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"9","first_page":"3296","last_page":"3306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/true-time-delay","display_name":"True time delay","score":0.8214689493179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.73561030626297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6204502582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6151880621910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-delay-and-phase-delay","display_name":"Group delay and phase delay","score":0.5536542534828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5514189600944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.5468844175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5341735482215881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.48908597230911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.42537349462509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3146180510520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24045312404632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phased-array","display_name":"Phased array","score":0.24033451080322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2151671051979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1688118577003479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365988","display_name":"True time delay","level":4,"score":0.8214689493179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.73561030626297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6204502582550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6151880621910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123792056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365988","display_name":"Group delay and phase delay","level":3,"score":0.5536542534828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5514189600944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.5468844175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5341735482215881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.48908597230911255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.42537349462509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3146180510520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24045312404632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.24033451080322266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2151671051979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1688118577003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2019.2926309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8083048873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"# CNS-1705026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512146659","https://openalex.org/W1595367758","https://openalex.org/W1967403688","https://openalex.org/W2009915056","https://openalex.org/W2017013043","https://openalex.org/W2052912470","https://openalex.org/W2073094716","https://openalex.org/W2094060435","https://openalex.org/W2106833671","https://openalex.org/W2111322952","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2129731888","https://openalex.org/W2164664877","https://openalex.org/W2277196941","https://openalex.org/W2381074797","https://openalex.org/W2553458792","https://openalex.org/W2553746810","https://openalex.org/W2618546898","https://openalex.org/W2725851345","https://openalex.org/W2790038676","https://openalex.org/W2798864447","https://openalex.org/W2802405741","https://openalex.org/W2887583858","https://openalex.org/W2887697691","https://openalex.org/W2899061734","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W6652942832","https://openalex.org/W6676123269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763395582","https://openalex.org/W1583278841","https://openalex.org/W1634570305","https://openalex.org/W2109083062","https://openalex.org/W2757700681","https://openalex.org/W4362735091","https://openalex.org/W2081120534","https://openalex.org/W1548620146","https://openalex.org/W3092098271","https://openalex.org/W2135665557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,68],"paper":[1,69],"implements":[2,112],"a":[3,20,54,97,118],"wide":[4,119],"aperture":[5],"high-resolution":[6],"true":[7],"time":[8],"delay":[9,66,120,148,156],"for":[10,53,80,158],"frequency-uniform":[11,134],"beamforming":[12,47],"gain":[13,136],"in":[14,103],"large-scale":[15],"phased":[16],"arrays.":[17],"We":[18],"propose":[19],"baseband":[21,101],"discrete-time":[22,114],"delay-compensating":[23,43,72,100,115],"technique":[24],"to":[25,41,85,153],"augment":[26],"the":[27,91,113,155],"conventional":[28],"phase-shift-based":[29],"analog":[30,44,73,99],"or":[31,45,74],"hybrid":[32,46,75],"beamformers.":[33,88],"A":[34,108],"generalized":[35],"design":[36],"methodology":[37],"is":[38,106,130,151],"first":[39],"developed":[40],"compare":[42],"architecture":[48],"with":[49,117,133,162,167],"their":[50],"digital":[51,87],"counterpart":[52],"given":[55],"number":[56],"of":[57,93,122,142,144],"antenna":[58,160],"elements,":[59],"modulation":[60],"bandwidth,":[61,140],"ADC":[62],"dynamic":[63],"range,":[64],"and":[65,124],"resolution.":[67,126],"shows":[70],"that":[71],"beamformers":[76],"are":[77],"more":[78],"energy-efficient":[79],"high":[81],"dynamic-range":[82],"applications":[83],"compared":[84,166],"true-time-delay":[86],"To":[89],"demonstrate":[90],"feasibility":[92],"our":[94],"proposed":[95,147],"technique,":[96],"four-element":[98],"beamformer":[102,116],"65-nm":[104],"CMOS":[105],"prototyped.":[107],"time-interleaved":[109],"switched-capacitor":[110],"array":[111,135],"range":[121],"15-ns":[123],"5-ps":[125],"Measured":[127],"power":[128],"consumption":[129],"47":[131],"mW":[132],"over":[137],"100-MHz":[138],"modulated":[139],"independent":[141],"angle":[143],"arrival.":[145],"The":[146],"compensation":[149],"scheme":[150],"scalable":[152],"accommodate":[154],"differences":[157],"large":[159],"arrays":[161],"higher":[163],"range/resolution":[164],"ENOB":[165],"prior":[168],"art.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
