{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885119732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","title":"An Analog CMOS Silicon Photomultiplier Using Perimeter-Gated Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes","display_name":"An Analog CMOS Silicon Photomultiplier Using Perimeter-Gated Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885119732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","mag":"2885119732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081791407","display_name":"Mst Shamim Ara Shawkat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-4562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mst Shamim Ara Shawkat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-4562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012281245","display_name":"Mohammad Habib Ullah Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6761-9842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Habib Ullah Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6761-9842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088902578","display_name":"Nicole McFarlane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3862-8034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole McFarlane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7589,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97345133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"11","first_page":"3830","last_page":"3841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photomultiplier","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","score":0.9410814046859741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6577013731002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5177732706069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4680691957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.4340360462665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-current","display_name":"Dark current","score":0.43014055490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4198075532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photomultiplier","display_name":"Photomultiplier","score":0.4127749502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3624266982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.33039796352386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.24204760789871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2374289631843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scintillator","display_name":"Scintillator","score":0.17783179879188538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.15062397718429565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104335537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085747","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","level":4,"score":0.9410814046859741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6577013731002808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5177732706069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4680691957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.4340360462665558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180651308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265973","display_name":"Dark current","level":3,"score":0.43014055490493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4198075532913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113879476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61897384","display_name":"Photomultiplier","level":3,"score":0.4127749502658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3624266982078552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.33039796352386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.24204760789871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2374289631843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161694136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910990","display_name":"Scintillator","level":3,"score":0.17783179879188538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15062397718429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2018.2854781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3398758051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-SC0017414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8519299","https://openalex.org/W1480606358","https://openalex.org/W1634714952","https://openalex.org/W1991445778","https://openalex.org/W1994851117","https://openalex.org/W1997219567","https://openalex.org/W1999440007","https://openalex.org/W2002018945","https://openalex.org/W2003133810","https://openalex.org/W2007054422","https://openalex.org/W2013656607","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2019832356","https://openalex.org/W2031049076","https://openalex.org/W2039207488","https://openalex.org/W2056058610","https://openalex.org/W2058610634","https://openalex.org/W2075943903","https://openalex.org/W2079029845","https://openalex.org/W2089744284","https://openalex.org/W2118483522","https://openalex.org/W2119157459","https://openalex.org/W2128586193","https://openalex.org/W2141432032","https://openalex.org/W2148017340","https://openalex.org/W2151805512","https://openalex.org/W2156663575","https://openalex.org/W2162666086","https://openalex.org/W2163555537","https://openalex.org/W2163939775","https://openalex.org/W2164189299","https://openalex.org/W2164788427","https://openalex.org/W2165765448","https://openalex.org/W2268639962","https://openalex.org/W2314039419","https://openalex.org/W2323511170","https://openalex.org/W2323945109","https://openalex.org/W2332905384","https://openalex.org/W2490765418","https://openalex.org/W2539974405","https://openalex.org/W2540957993","https://openalex.org/W2545049345","https://openalex.org/W2548114335","https://openalex.org/W2555982942","https://openalex.org/W2558344443","https://openalex.org/W2576341785","https://openalex.org/W2587540047","https://openalex.org/W2781721505","https://openalex.org/W6636933339","https://openalex.org/W6653724917","https://openalex.org/W6683992460","https://openalex.org/W6700436257","https://openalex.org/W6728904809","https://openalex.org/W6729194413","https://openalex.org/W6732537882","https://openalex.org/W6747380064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1122808991","https://openalex.org/W2191527367","https://openalex.org/W1988727626","https://openalex.org/W2921440212","https://openalex.org/W2038165008","https://openalex.org/W2295222028","https://openalex.org/W2077720127","https://openalex.org/W2017036167","https://openalex.org/W2040651158","https://openalex.org/W559994214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Perimeter-gated":[0],"single-photon":[1],"avalanche":[2],"diodes":[3],"(PGSPADs)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"shown":[7],"to":[8,158],"mitigate":[9],"premature":[10],"edge":[11],"breakdown":[12],"without":[13],"unduly":[14],"increasing":[15],"the":[16,19,36,109,120,126,142,146,163],"area":[17],"of":[18,59,122,141,151,156,162],"device.":[20],"PGSPADs":[21],"are":[22,69],"three":[23],"terminal":[24],"devices.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29],"develop":[30],"a":[31,132,139,154],"probability-based":[32],"SPICE":[33],"model":[34,54,76],"for":[35,100,113,188],"PGSPAD":[37,73,85,180],"and":[38,65,75,97,104,198],"fully":[39],"characterize":[40],"an":[41,149],"18":[42,44],"\u00d7":[43,168],"pixel":[45],"analog":[46],"PGSPAD-based":[47],"CMOS":[48,95],"silicon":[49],"photomultiplier":[50],"(SiPM).":[51],"The":[52,83,160,178],"noise":[53],"is":[55,78,87,98,128,166],"derived":[56,70],"using":[57,71],"theories":[58],"carrier":[60,63],"thermal":[61],"generation,":[62],"diffusion,":[64],"inter-band":[66],"tunneling.":[67,136],"Parameters":[68],"fabricated":[72],"devices":[74],"validity":[77],"verified":[79],"with":[80],"experimental":[81],"measurements.":[82],"designed":[84,179],"SiPM":[86,165,181,187],"implemented":[88],"in":[89,125,134],"standard":[90,186],"0.5":[91],"\u03bcm":[92],"2-poly,":[93],"3-metal":[94],"process,":[96],"characterized":[99],"dark":[101,123],"current,":[102],"sensitivity,":[103],"signal-to-noise":[105],"ratio":[106],"(SNR)":[107],"throughout":[108],"visible":[110],"spectral":[111],"range":[112,155],"varying":[114],"bias":[115],"voltages.":[116],"Models":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119],"reduction":[121,133],"events":[124],"PGPSAD":[127,147],"primarily":[129],"caused":[130],"by":[131],"band-to-band":[135],"Thus,":[137],"as":[138,191],"function":[140],"applied":[143],"gate":[144],"voltage":[145],"shows":[148,182],"improvement":[150],"SNR":[152],"over":[153,185],"1":[157],"1150.":[159],"sensitivity":[161],"presented":[164],"1.06":[167],"10":[169],"<sup":[170,174],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[171,175],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>":[172],"A/W/cm":[173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[176],".":[177],"great":[183],"promise":[184],"applications,":[189],"such":[190],"neutron":[192],"detection":[193],"which":[194],"requires":[195],"high":[196,199],"sensitivities":[197],"SNRs.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}