{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1503479382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","title":"High Frame-Rate VGA CMOS Image Sensor Using Non-Memory Capacitor Two-Step Single-Slope ADCs","display_name":"High Frame-Rate VGA CMOS Image Sensor Using Non-Memory Capacitor Two-Step Single-Slope ADCs","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1503479382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","mag":"1503479382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066987872","display_name":"Junan Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-3476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032365920","display_name":"Himchan Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1684-0800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himchan Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089781956","display_name":"Bongsub Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-7482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bongsub Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080677358","display_name":"Kiwoon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiwoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014019802","display_name":"Jaeha Eom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeha Eom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101709144","display_name":"Kyunghoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4316-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyunghoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065103824","display_name":"Jinwook Burm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-771X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwook Burm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91326153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"9","first_page":"2147","last_page":"2155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-graphics-array","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","score":0.8911255598068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6823650002479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5944485068321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.545936107635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4955676794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.48529142141342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4716312885284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/figure-of-merit","display_name":"Figure of merit","score":0.4654105007648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.46393969655036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.44839584827423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41614168882369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.38630980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2580145597457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1385314166545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.0969892144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08612868189811707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139983466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17194","display_name":"Video Graphics Array","level":3,"score":0.8911255598068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6823650002479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5944485068321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.545936107635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4955676794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.48529142141342163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4716312885284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130277099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3676605","display_name":"Figure of merit","level":2,"score":0.4654105007648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.46393969655036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.44839584827423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41614168882369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38630980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2580145597457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1385314166545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0969892144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08612868189811707}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2015.2451791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322065","display_name":"National IT Industry Promotion Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/026v53e29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505760695","https://openalex.org/W1517400802","https://openalex.org/W1517606245","https://openalex.org/W1536945048","https://openalex.org/W1545420329","https://openalex.org/W1545765480","https://openalex.org/W1551492857","https://openalex.org/W1587392709","https://openalex.org/W1916764780","https://openalex.org/W1975178770","https://openalex.org/W1996665032","https://openalex.org/W1999393635","https://openalex.org/W2004003571","https://openalex.org/W2011136472","https://openalex.org/W2016997355","https://openalex.org/W2018657325","https://openalex.org/W2025818514","https://openalex.org/W2036688157","https://openalex.org/W2036851601","https://openalex.org/W2053943475","https://openalex.org/W2060709554","https://openalex.org/W2070247293","https://openalex.org/W2070993571","https://openalex.org/W2082334180","https://openalex.org/W2098263420","https://openalex.org/W2104086223","https://openalex.org/W2113257254","https://openalex.org/W2134145839","https://openalex.org/W2134909051","https://openalex.org/W2145158355","https://openalex.org/W2150423223","https://openalex.org/W2167115535","https://openalex.org/W2175009324","https://openalex.org/W2744769585","https://openalex.org/W6633115268","https://openalex.org/W6639925750","https://openalex.org/W6654791512","https://openalex.org/W6663899772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081509258","https://openalex.org/W2086672486","https://openalex.org/W2575964431","https://openalex.org/W2383534223","https://openalex.org/W2541387689","https://openalex.org/W2526894178","https://openalex.org/W2345301606","https://openalex.org/W2106574814","https://openalex.org/W2348524279","https://openalex.org/W2776198954"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,61,69,76,119,136,143],"column-parallel":[4],"two-step":[5,18],"single-slope":[6],"analog-to-digital":[7],"converter":[8],"(SS":[9],"ADC)":[10],"for":[11],"high-frame-rate":[12],"CMOS":[13,122,168,224],"image":[14,225],"sensors.":[15],"The":[16,79,124,160,197,215],"proposed":[17,132,166,180,222],"SS":[19,158],"ADC":[20,133],"circuit":[21,66,181],"does":[22],"not":[23],"utilize":[24],"an":[25],"analog":[26],"memory":[27],"capacitor":[28],"to":[29,39,99,187],"store":[30],"the":[31,34,44,48,52,92,95,101,131,156,165,179,189,192,221],"value":[32],"of":[33,47,68,91,94,126,139,147,164,207,217,220],"first":[35,96],"ramp":[36,50,81,97,106],"step.":[37],"Instead,":[38],"handle":[40],"problems":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"slope":[45,84,88,102],"errors":[46],"second":[49,80,176],"and":[51,75,194,211],"stored":[53],"charge":[54,57],"error":[55,184,190],"from":[56,204],"feed-through,":[58],"it":[59],"utilizes":[60],"very":[62],"simple":[63],"digital":[64],"column":[65],"consisting":[67],"coarse":[70,193],"counter":[71],"(coarse":[72],"step":[73],"counter)":[74],"4-to-16":[77],"decoder.":[78],"(fine":[82],"ramp)":[83],"has":[85],"only":[86],"one":[87],"generator,":[89],"regardless":[90],"results":[93,125],"decisions,":[98],"eliminate":[100],"mismatch":[103],"between":[104,191],"fine":[105,195],"slopes.":[107],"A":[108],"prototype":[109],"sensor":[110,226],"comprising":[111],"640":[112],"\u00d7":[113],"480":[114],"pixels":[115],"was":[116],"fabricated":[117],"with":[118],"0.13-":[120],"\u03bcm":[121],"process.":[123],"experiments":[127],"conducted":[128],"indicate":[129],"that":[130],"can":[134],"achieve":[135],"conversion":[137],"time":[138],"6.4":[140],"\u03bcs":[141],"at":[142],"main":[144],"clock":[145],"frequency":[146],"62.5":[148],"MHz,":[149],"which":[150],"is":[151,172,201,227],"10.2":[152],"times":[153],"faster":[154],"than":[155],"conventional":[157],"ADC.":[159],"maximum":[161],"frame":[162],"rate":[163],"VGA":[167,223],"Image":[169],"Sensor":[170],"(CIS)":[171],"320":[173],"frames":[174],"per":[175],"(fps).":[177],"Further,":[178],"employs":[182],"redundancy":[183],"correction":[185],"logic":[186],"calibrate":[188],"steps.":[196],"total":[198],"power":[199],"consumption":[200],"72":[202],"mW":[203],"supply":[205],"voltages":[206],"2.8":[208],"V":[209,213],"(analog)":[210],"1.5":[212],"(digital).":[214],"figure":[216],"merit":[218],"(FoM)":[219],"2.01":[228],"[e":[229],"<sup":[230],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[231],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">-</sup>":[232],"nJ].":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}