{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067435659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","title":"A Low-Power Multifunctional CMOS Sensor Node for an Electronic Facade","display_name":"A Low-Power Multifunctional CMOS Sensor Node for an Electronic Facade","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067435659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","mag":"2067435659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100639668","display_name":"Xilin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9547-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xilin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656860","display_name":"Milin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040819167","display_name":"Jan Van der Spiegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Van der Spiegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86466415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"9","first_page":"2550","last_page":"2559"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7091113924980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparator","display_name":"Comparator","score":0.6327093243598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.605043351650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5854812264442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5525616407394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.5241982340812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5145573019981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.48187145590782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressed-sensing","display_name":"Compressed sensing","score":0.4793320894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.477463036775589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/match-moving","display_name":"Match moving","score":0.44040557742118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-detection","display_name":"Motion detection","score":0.41464585065841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4127742648124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.41174501180648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4016444981098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39249739050865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35313451290130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.29267922043800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28087037801742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.20827484130859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.15618345141410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13549378514289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12613031268119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7091113924980164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155745195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164179","display_name":"Comparator","level":3,"score":0.6327093243598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.605043351650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5854812264442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5525616407394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.5241982340812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5145573019981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.48187145590782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.4793320894241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.477463036775589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95020103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813492","display_name":"Match moving","level":3,"score":0.44040557742118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780624872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion detection","level":3,"score":0.41464585065841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4127742648124695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.41174501180648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4016444981098175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39249739050865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35313451290130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29267922043800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28087037801742554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.20827484130859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.15618345141410828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13549378514289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12613031268119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2014.2312474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498136209","https://openalex.org/W1710283551","https://openalex.org/W1973116035","https://openalex.org/W1999455876","https://openalex.org/W2009933375","https://openalex.org/W2016574277","https://openalex.org/W2028200383","https://openalex.org/W2055944305","https://openalex.org/W2065826607","https://openalex.org/W2078903243","https://openalex.org/W2094228049","https://openalex.org/W2104598557","https://openalex.org/W2108380989","https://openalex.org/W2117650935","https://openalex.org/W2118217118","https://openalex.org/W2127311482","https://openalex.org/W2129547735","https://openalex.org/W2135927782","https://openalex.org/W2141382406","https://openalex.org/W2155529599","https://openalex.org/W2160509435","https://openalex.org/W2161403858","https://openalex.org/W2165373903","https://openalex.org/W2171147182","https://openalex.org/W2171161859","https://openalex.org/W2177854375","https://openalex.org/W2320297326","https://openalex.org/W2325439660","https://openalex.org/W2566161284","https://openalex.org/W4247586331","https://openalex.org/W6657535318","https://openalex.org/W6667009725","https://openalex.org/W6676529815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321608193","https://openalex.org/W2376215789","https://openalex.org/W4253322395","https://openalex.org/W2052903148","https://openalex.org/W2164884330","https://openalex.org/W2103864821","https://openalex.org/W2169079467","https://openalex.org/W2135082998","https://openalex.org/W2335317411","https://openalex.org/W153860287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,103],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,156,207,214],"low-power,":[4,95],"multifunctional":[5],"CMOS":[6,181],"smart":[7],"sensor":[8,47],"node":[9],"is":[10,56,100,112,153,195,202],"designed":[11],"for":[12,58],"an":[13,18],"electronic":[14],"facade,":[15],"which":[16],"provides":[17],"alternative":[19],"solution":[20],"to":[21,123],"the":[22,46,89,109,126,135,199],"concept":[23],"of":[24,91,108,139,163,210,217],"energy-efficient":[25],"responsive":[26],"buildings.":[27],"Various":[28,65],"sensing":[29],"capabilities,":[30],"including":[31],"light":[32],"intensity":[33],"sensing,":[34,36],"temperature":[35],"motion":[37,59,76,97,119,143,159,204],"tracking,":[38],"and":[39,61,79,115,168,213],"compressive":[40,62],"image":[41,53,63],"acquisition,":[42],"are":[43,68],"implemented":[44],"on":[45],"node.":[48],"An":[49],"80":[50,52],"\u00d7":[51],"pixel":[54,200],"array":[55,201],"employed":[57],"tracking":[60,77,144,205],"acquisition.":[64],"operational":[66],"modes":[67],"realized,":[69],"including:":[70],"1)":[71],"event":[72],"generation":[73],"mode;":[74,78],"2)":[75],"3)":[80],"video":[81],"output":[82],"mode":[83],"in":[84,102,176],"full-resolution":[85],"or":[86],"compressed":[87],"by":[88,131,155],"region":[90],"interest":[92],"(ROI).":[93],"A":[94],"high-throughput":[96],"detection":[98,120,160],"algorithm":[99,152],"proposed":[101,110,136,151,172],"paper.":[104],"The":[105,150,171,191],"power":[106,148,193],"consumption":[107,194],"work":[111],"modeled,":[113],"analyzed,":[114],"compared":[116],"with":[117,146,206],"traditional":[118,140],"methods.":[121],"According":[122],"numerical":[124],"analysis,":[125],"throughput":[127],"can":[128],"be":[129],"increased":[130],"45%":[132],"while":[133,198],"using":[134],"design":[137,173],"instead":[138],"temporal":[141],"differential":[142],"methods":[145],"simislar":[147],"consumption.":[149],"realized":[154],"pixel-level":[157],"focal-plane":[158],"unit,":[161],"consisting":[162],"switched-capacitor":[164],"circuit,":[165],"analog":[166],"memory,":[167],"dual-threshold":[169],"comparator.":[170],"was":[174],"fabricated":[175],"0.5":[177],"\u03bcm":[178],"3M2P":[179],"standard":[180],"technology,":[182],"occupying":[183],"3\u00d73":[184],"mm":[185],"<sup":[186],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[188],"silicon":[189],"area.":[190],"total":[192],"17":[196],"\u03bcW,":[197],"performing":[203],"frame":[208],"rate":[209],"30":[211],"fps":[212],"supply":[215],"voltage":[216],"3.3":[218],"V.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}