{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042868892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","title":"Current Mode Image Sensor With Improved Linearity and Fixed-Pattern Noise","display_name":"Current Mode Image Sensor With Improved Linearity and Fixed-Pattern Noise","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042868892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","mag":"2042868892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012601931","display_name":"Xiaotie Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100639668","display_name":"Xilin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9547-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xilin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656860","display_name":"Milin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040819167","display_name":"Jan Van der Spiegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Van der Spiegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering (ESE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4259,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68324424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"1666","last_page":"1674"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.8826817274093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-pattern-noise","display_name":"Fixed-pattern noise","score":0.7952226400375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.6293658018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6284679174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5763689875602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-noise","display_name":"Image noise","score":0.4905669093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-current","display_name":"Dark current","score":0.480450838804245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47901004552841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.45297709107398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3860360383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3239116072654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23567569255828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22927325963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22726061940193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22372967004776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.11419937014579773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.8826817274093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5456322","display_name":"Fixed-pattern noise","level":3,"score":0.7952226400375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.6293658018112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6284679174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5763689875602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35772409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323086","display_name":"Image noise","level":3,"score":0.4905669093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180651308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265973","display_name":"Dark current","level":3,"score":0.480450838804245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47901004552841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.45297709107398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3860360383987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3239116072654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23567569255828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22927325963974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22726061940193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22372967004776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.11419937014579773}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2013.2295009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321940","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529589510","https://openalex.org/W1537931141","https://openalex.org/W1693951671","https://openalex.org/W1943875355","https://openalex.org/W1978012811","https://openalex.org/W1986285185","https://openalex.org/W2013137287","https://openalex.org/W2020664983","https://openalex.org/W2031640833","https://openalex.org/W2036033109","https://openalex.org/W2041034486","https://openalex.org/W2041299446","https://openalex.org/W2049584839","https://openalex.org/W2053267234","https://openalex.org/W2096185181","https://openalex.org/W2096751098","https://openalex.org/W2100069761","https://openalex.org/W2103774556","https://openalex.org/W2108169802","https://openalex.org/W2113588854","https://openalex.org/W2126003762","https://openalex.org/W2130185702","https://openalex.org/W2137587482","https://openalex.org/W2141500660","https://openalex.org/W2146110147","https://openalex.org/W2159237863","https://openalex.org/W2168647636","https://openalex.org/W2169490091","https://openalex.org/W2544399388","https://openalex.org/W2566161284","https://openalex.org/W2744769585","https://openalex.org/W2986747979","https://openalex.org/W3147616483","https://openalex.org/W6637706996","https://openalex.org/W6676432392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3188917671","https://openalex.org/W2750896364","https://openalex.org/W3217043903","https://openalex.org/W2350553929","https://openalex.org/W2331709517","https://openalex.org/W3137255043","https://openalex.org/W2611369832","https://openalex.org/W1990739855","https://openalex.org/W1990138130","https://openalex.org/W1980889479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"mode":[1,15,68,97],"active":[2],"pixel":[3,77],"sensors":[4],"convert":[5],"light":[6],"intensity":[7],"into":[8],"an":[9,63],"analog":[10],"output":[11,78],"current.":[12],"A":[13,146],"current":[14,67,81,96],"image":[16,46,69,89],"sensor":[17,47,70,90],"enables":[18],"simple":[19],"implementation":[20],"of":[21,40,43,65,92,116,119,151],"focal":[22],"plane":[23],"algebraic":[24],"functions":[25],"but":[26],"suffers":[27],"from":[28],"poor":[29],"linearity":[30,57,84,118],"and":[31,52,79],"large":[32],"fixed-patten":[33],"noise.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"analyzes":[37],"the":[38,41,80,117,120,131],"causes":[39],"non-linearity":[42],"a":[44,49,66,72,102,113],"current-mode":[45],"including":[48],"theoretical":[50],"derivation":[51],"numerical":[53],"simulation.":[54],"Previously":[55],"reported":[56],"improvement":[58,115],"methods":[59],"are":[60],"reviewed,":[61],"while":[62],"architecture":[64],"with":[71],"voltage":[73],"feedback":[74],"loop":[75],"between":[76],"conveyor":[82],"for":[83,130],"enhancement":[85],"is":[86,99,126,154],"proposed.":[87],"An":[88],"array":[91],"100":[93],"\u00d7":[94],"200":[95],"pixels":[98],"fabricated":[100],"in":[101],"0.5":[103],"\u03bcm":[104],"2P3M":[105],"standard":[106],"CMOS":[107],"processing":[108],"technology.":[109],"Experimental":[110],"results":[111],"illustrate":[112],"45%":[114],"proposed":[121],"imager.":[122],"Fixed":[123],"pattern":[124],"noise":[125,149],"reduced":[127,139],"by":[128,140],"57.6%":[129],"maximum":[132],"readout":[133],"current,":[134],"which":[135],"can":[136],"be":[137],"further":[138],"another":[141],"51.5%":[142],"after":[143],"gain":[144],"calibration.":[145],"signal":[147],"to":[148],"ratio":[150],"49.6":[152],"dB":[153],"achieved.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
