{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034078593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","title":"A High-Linearity, 17 ps Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Single-Stage Vernier Delay Loop Fine Interpolation","display_name":"A High-Linearity, 17 ps Precision Time-to-Digital Converter Based on a Single-Stage Vernier Delay Loop Fine Interpolation","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034078593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","mag":"2034078593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3435126","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013843920","display_name":"Bojan Markovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-4394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bojan Markovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009310020","display_name":"Simone Tisa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2388-3170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Tisa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007932683","display_name":"Federica Villa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-0269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federica A. Villa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036398289","display_name":"Alberto Tosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1210-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Tosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993441","display_name":"Franco Zappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1715-501X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franco Zappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettron. e Inf., Politec. di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013843920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2752,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":170,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9877818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"3","first_page":"557","last_page":"569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.8986142873764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.8468197584152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-digital-converter","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","score":0.7700942158699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6052746772766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4798966646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-nonlinearity","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","score":0.4702526330947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.45197391510009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4425000548362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4161826968193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.4157904386520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.413989782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3606049418449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19300729036331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17752256989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1699228584766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15263685584068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.1189546287059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10190713405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.0867973268032074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.8986142873764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.8468197584152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99594498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434524","display_name":"Time-to-digital converter","level":4,"score":0.7700942158699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6052746772766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4798966646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71217194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575958","display_name":"Differential nonlinearity","level":3,"score":0.4702526330947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.45197391510009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4425000548362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4161826968193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.4157904386520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.413989782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3606049418449402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19300729036331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17752256989479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1699228584766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15263685584068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.1189546287059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10190713405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0867973268032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2012.2215737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/705723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/705723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3435126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3435126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3435126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3435126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570973668","https://openalex.org/W1964387564","https://openalex.org/W1969701110","https://openalex.org/W1973902586","https://openalex.org/W1975105067","https://openalex.org/W1975496472","https://openalex.org/W1986932447","https://openalex.org/W1987794031","https://openalex.org/W1988151139","https://openalex.org/W1996874179","https://openalex.org/W2013476269","https://openalex.org/W2013566079","https://openalex.org/W2015875528","https://openalex.org/W2016464725","https://openalex.org/W2033079081","https://openalex.org/W2043683255","https://openalex.org/W2059301713","https://openalex.org/W2059479615","https://openalex.org/W2062952706","https://openalex.org/W2089557579","https://openalex.org/W2096434843","https://openalex.org/W2097964046","https://openalex.org/W2102674458","https://openalex.org/W2108435403","https://openalex.org/W2110675623","https://openalex.org/W2110815580","https://openalex.org/W2111146745","https://openalex.org/W2112328125","https://openalex.org/W2117506486","https://openalex.org/W2120912680","https://openalex.org/W2126344173","https://openalex.org/W2128037349","https://openalex.org/W2128282260","https://openalex.org/W2135448171","https://openalex.org/W2141493752","https://openalex.org/W2149072251","https://openalex.org/W2152144298","https://openalex.org/W2165572735","https://openalex.org/W2166268103","https://openalex.org/W2171210937","https://openalex.org/W4301908153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520426062","https://openalex.org/W2290610940","https://openalex.org/W2136246827","https://openalex.org/W2550035210","https://openalex.org/W2296652335","https://openalex.org/W2058662352","https://openalex.org/W3193008880","https://openalex.org/W2955961567","https://openalex.org/W2542163739","https://openalex.org/W4211122635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,26,30,54,60,69,79,109,116],"time-to-digital":[4],"converter":[5],"(TDC)":[6],"architecture":[7,22],"capable":[8],"of":[9,32,82],"reaching":[10],"high-precision":[11],"and":[12,29,59,88,129],"high-linearity":[13],"with":[14,115],"moderate":[15],"area":[16],"occupation":[17],"per":[18],"measurement":[19],"channel.":[20],"The":[21,49,96],"is":[23,120],"based":[24,52],"on":[25,53],"coarse":[27],"counter":[28],"couple":[31],"two-stage":[33],"interpolators":[34,50],"that":[35],"exploit":[36],"the":[37,46,76],"cyclic":[38],"sliding":[39],"scale":[40],"technique":[41],"in":[42,102,108],"order":[43,103],"to":[44,104],"improve":[45],"conversion":[47],"linearity.":[48],"are":[51],"new":[55,61],"coarse-fine":[56],"synchronization":[57],"circuit":[58],"single-stage":[62],"Vernier":[63],"delay":[64],"loop":[65],"fine":[66],"interpolation.":[67],"In":[68],"standard":[70],"cost-effective":[71],"0.35":[72],"\u03bcm":[73],"CMOS":[74],"technology":[75],"TDC":[77,97,112],"reaches":[78],"dynamic":[80],"range":[81],"160":[83],"ns,":[84],"17.2":[85],"ps":[86],"precision":[87],"differential":[89],"non-linearity":[90],"better":[91],"than":[92],"0.9%":[93],"LSB":[94],"rms.":[95],"building":[98],"block":[99],"was":[100],"designed":[101],"be":[105],"easily":[106],"assembled":[107],"multi-channel":[110],"monolithic":[111],"chip.":[113],"Coupled":[114],"SPAD":[117],"photodetector":[118],"it":[119],"aimed":[121],"for":[122],"TCSPC":[123],"applications":[124],"(like":[125],"FLIM,":[126],"FCS,":[127],"FRET)":[128],"direct":[130],"ToF":[131],"3-D":[132],"ranging.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}