{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167307228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","title":"A High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Two-Cycle Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Architecture and Its Application to a Double-Throughput MAC Unit","display_name":"A High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Two-Cycle Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Architecture and Its Application to a Double-Throughput MAC Unit","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167307228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","mag":"2167307228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042050825","display_name":"Tung Thanh Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-5879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung Thanh Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024358692","display_name":"Magnus Sj\u00e4lander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4232-6976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Sjalander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053343948","display_name":"Per Larsson-Edefors","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-4313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Larsson-Edefors","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82313716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"12","first_page":"3073","last_page":"3081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.7912052273750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6283630728721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.5938052535057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.541950523853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5364243388175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4720269739627838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accumulator","display_name":"Accumulator (cryptography)","score":0.4588393270969391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.44450920820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4396989643573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/booths-multiplication-algorithm","display_name":"Booth's multiplication algorithm","score":0.42812108993530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4188951551914215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4087652862071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3545936942100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.3102265000343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21258670091629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1969224214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14546412229537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1215728223323822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.7912052273750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6283630728721619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.5938052535057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.541950523853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5364243388175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4720269739627838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2078106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14906620","display_name":"Accumulator (cryptography)","level":2,"score":0.4588393270969391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.44450920820236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4396989643573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72475854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477049","display_name":"Booth's multiplication algorithm","level":4,"score":0.42812108993530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4188951551914215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4087652862071991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3545936942100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3102265000343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21258670091629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1969224214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14546412229537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1215728223323822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2091191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.chalmers.se:133538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/133538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402469","display_name":"Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","host_organization_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510115303","https://openalex.org/W1575439038","https://openalex.org/W1915608691","https://openalex.org/W1963965124","https://openalex.org/W2043388666","https://openalex.org/W2048773562","https://openalex.org/W2052363354","https://openalex.org/W2053325738","https://openalex.org/W2055119962","https://openalex.org/W2081347442","https://openalex.org/W2103927123","https://openalex.org/W2107088801","https://openalex.org/W2113612550","https://openalex.org/W2114025510","https://openalex.org/W2115157620","https://openalex.org/W2131647018","https://openalex.org/W2134057254","https://openalex.org/W2144714263","https://openalex.org/W2151081037","https://openalex.org/W2154098113","https://openalex.org/W2159742171","https://openalex.org/W2162882725","https://openalex.org/W2163199256","https://openalex.org/W2543917854","https://openalex.org/W2916844179","https://openalex.org/W4235507382","https://openalex.org/W6676920600","https://openalex.org/W6683722355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967107136","https://openalex.org/W2072220574","https://openalex.org/W4285082868","https://openalex.org/W2162004439","https://openalex.org/W2558076308","https://openalex.org/W4317402486","https://openalex.org/W2120552212","https://openalex.org/W1888991966","https://openalex.org/W2460606834","https://openalex.org/W2162882725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,143],"propose":[1],"a":[2,34,43,54,65,71,90,97,134,150,177,194],"high-speed":[3],"and":[4,15,20,33,70,86,103],"energy-efficient":[5],"two-cycle":[6,92],"multiply-accumulate":[7,160,183],"(MAC)":[8],"architecture":[9,63,94,113,121,147],"that":[10,60,95,156],"supports":[11],"two's":[12],"complement":[13],"numbers,":[14],"includes":[16],"accumulation":[17],"guard":[18],"bits":[19],"saturation":[21],"circuitry.":[22],"The":[23],"first":[24,101],"MAC":[25,93,153,180],"pipeline":[26],"stage":[27,102],"contains":[28],"only":[29],"partial-product":[30],"generation":[31],"circuitry":[32],"reduction":[35,73,136],"tree,":[36],"while":[37],"the":[38,61,100,107,111,115,119,122,141,145],"second":[39],"stage,":[40],"thanks":[41],"to":[42,129,140,148,176],"special":[44],"sign-extension":[45],"solution,":[46],"implements":[47],"all":[48],"other":[49],"functionality.":[50],"Place-and-route":[51],"evaluations":[52],"using":[53],"65-nm":[55],"1.1-V":[56],"cell":[57],"library":[58],"show":[59],"proposed":[62,112],"offers":[64],"31%":[66],"improvement":[67],"in":[68,74,99,106,133,137],"speed":[69],"32%":[72],"energy":[75,138,191],"per":[76],"operation,":[77],"averaged":[78],"across":[79],"operand":[80],"sizes":[81],"of":[82,118],"16,":[83],"32,":[84],"48,":[85],"64":[87],"bits,":[88],"over":[89],"reference":[91,120],"employs":[96],"multiplier":[98],"an":[104],"accumulator":[105],"second.":[108],"When":[109],"operating":[110],"at":[114],"lower":[116],"frequency":[117],"available":[123],"timing":[124],"slack":[125],"can":[126,185],"be":[127,186],"used":[128],"downsize":[130],"gates,":[131],"resulting":[132],"52%":[135],"compared":[139],"reference.":[142],"extend":[144],"new":[146],"create":[149],"versatile":[151],"double-throughput":[152],"(DTMAC)":[154],"unit":[155],"efficiently":[157],"performs":[158],"either":[159],"or":[161,169],"multiply":[162],"operations":[163,184],"for":[164],"N-bit,":[165],"1":[166],"\u00d7":[167,171],"N/2-bit,":[168],"2":[170],"N/2-bit":[172],"operands.":[173],"In":[174],"comparison":[175],"fixed-function":[178],"32-bit":[179,195],"unit,":[181],"16-bit":[182],"executed":[187],"with":[188],"67%":[189],"higher":[190],"efficiency":[192],"on":[193],"DTMAC":[196],"unit.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
