{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133131244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","title":"A Real-Time FPGA-Based 20\u2009000-Word Speech Recognizer With Optimized DRAM Access","display_name":"A Real-Time FPGA-Based 20\u2009000-Word Speech Recognizer With Optimized DRAM Access","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133131244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","mag":"2133131244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047734813","display_name":"Young Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-4425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131320","display_name":"LG (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddh2c27","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young-kyu Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","LG Electronics Limited, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LG Electronics Limited, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111475467","display_name":"Kisun You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kisun You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101935712","display_name":"Jungwook Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5691-4771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungwook Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113491293","display_name":"Wonyong Sung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonyong Sung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047734813"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210131320"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98020959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"8","first_page":"2119","last_page":"2131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8684223890304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5355762243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigram","display_name":"Bigram","score":0.5078685879707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram","display_name":"Trigram","score":0.4611774682998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.46045568585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4455457925796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.4265366792678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.37832945585250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32838618755340576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8684223890304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5355762243270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108757681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773912","display_name":"Bigram","level":3,"score":0.5078685879707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.4611774682998657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46045568585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4455457925796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.4265366792678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.37832945585250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32838618755340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2010.2041501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116977442","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers","issn_l":"1549-8328","issn":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113807184","https://openalex.org/W1501187080","https://openalex.org/W1510883232","https://openalex.org/W1578856370","https://openalex.org/W1980716861","https://openalex.org/W2016185147","https://openalex.org/W2041414040","https://openalex.org/W2059706055","https://openalex.org/W2071813869","https://openalex.org/W2101328377","https://openalex.org/W2108110877","https://openalex.org/W2114398252","https://openalex.org/W2132915652","https://openalex.org/W2134167326","https://openalex.org/W2144271321","https://openalex.org/W2165356296","https://openalex.org/W2170467386","https://openalex.org/W2171319130","https://openalex.org/W6630541622","https://openalex.org/W6684158647"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011383762","https://openalex.org/W4327499987","https://openalex.org/W2048414027","https://openalex.org/W3173084154","https://openalex.org/W2940857995","https://openalex.org/W2940684586","https://openalex.org/W2809276897","https://openalex.org/W2031891814","https://openalex.org/W353876725","https://openalex.org/W2117086786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"real-time":[1],"hardware-based":[2],"large":[3],"vocabulary":[4],"speech":[5,19,40,130,133],"recognizer":[6,20],"requires":[7],"high":[8],"memory":[9,26,85],"bandwidth.":[10],"We":[11,111],"have":[12],"developed":[13,161],"a":[14,62,114],"field-programmable-gate-array":[15],"(FPGA)-based":[16],"20":[17,154],"000-word":[18],"utilizing":[21],"efficient":[22],"dynamic":[23],"random":[24],"access":[25,86,121],"(DRAM)":[27],"access.":[28],"This":[29],"system":[30,162],"contains":[31],"all":[32],"the":[33,66,82,97,103,129,139,160,173],"functional":[34,68,126],"blocks":[35],"for":[36,124,138],"hidden-Markov-model-based":[37],"speaker-independent":[38],"continuous":[39],"recognition:":[41],"feature":[42,55],"extraction,":[43],"emission":[44,104],"probability":[45],"computation,":[46],"and":[47,49,74,106,142,165,175],"intraword":[48],"interword":[50],"Viterbi":[51],"beam":[52],"search.":[53],"The":[54,132,148],"extraction":[56],"is":[57],"conducted":[58],"in":[59],"software":[60],"on":[61,151],"soft-core-based":[63],"CPU,":[64],"while":[65],"other":[67],"units":[69],"are":[70],"implemented":[71],"using":[72,172],"parallel":[73],"pipelined":[75],"hardware":[76,135],"blocks.":[77],"In":[78],"order":[79],"to":[80],"reduce":[81],"number":[83],"of":[84,96,102,128],"operations,":[87],"we":[88],"used":[89],"several":[90],"techniques":[91],"such":[92],"as":[93],"bitwidth":[94],"reduction":[95],"Gaussian":[98],"parameters,":[99],"multiframe":[100],"computation":[101],"probability,":[105],"two-stage":[107],"language":[108,177],"model":[109],"pruning.":[110],"also":[112],"employ":[113],"customized":[115],"DRAM":[116],"controller":[117],"that":[118,159],"supports":[119],"various":[120],"patterns":[122],"optimized":[123],"each":[125],"unit":[127],"recognizer.":[131],"recognition":[134],"was":[136],"synthesized":[137],"Virtex-4":[140],"FPGA,":[141],"it":[143],"operates":[144],"at":[145],"100":[146],"MHz.":[147],"experimental":[149],"result":[150],"Nov":[152],"92":[153],"k":[155],"test":[156],"set":[157],"shows":[158],"runs":[163],"1.52":[164],"1.39":[166],"times":[167],"faster":[168],"than":[169],"real":[170],"time":[171],"bigram":[174],"trigram":[176],"models,":[178],"respectively.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
