{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416054551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822","title":"Channel Modeling of Satellite-to-Underwater Laser Communication Links: An Analytical-Monte Carlo Hybrid Approach","display_name":"Channel Modeling of Satellite-to-Underwater Laser Communication Links: An Analytical-Monte Carlo Hybrid Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416054551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17811","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771654","display_name":"Zhixing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4732-7046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038247340","display_name":"Renzhi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-9279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renzhi Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-9279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haifeng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-4696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3425-4696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chuang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-6696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4312-6696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060203564","display_name":"Mugen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mugen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Convergent Communications and Networking Technologies in LEO Satellite Systems, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0079051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"7390","last_page":"7405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9053999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9053999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.022299999371170998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.7246000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.44190001487731934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.7246000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.6004999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4941999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15476950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854776","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3683822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.17811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17811","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17811","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.17811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.17811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.17811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17811","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17811","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8316726562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Channel":[0],"modeling":[1,48],"for":[2,145],"the":[3,16,19,32,35,40,56,85,95,99,106,111,127,131,146,151,156,163,168,182,189,199,203,209,220],"satellite-to-underwater":[4],"laser":[5,64,101],"communication":[6,190],"(StULC)":[7],"link":[8],"remains":[9],"challenging":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,141],"long":[13],"distances":[14],"and":[15,39,61,90,167,175,202],"diversity":[17],"of":[18,59,87,98,123,126,150,184,197],"channel":[20,24,47,74,159],"constituents.":[21],"The":[22],"StULC":[23,46,73,158],"is":[25,192],"typically":[26],"segmented":[27],"into":[28,83],"three":[29],"isolated":[30],"channels:":[31],"atmospheric":[33,200],"channel,":[34,38],"air-water":[36],"interface":[37],"underwater":[41,152,185,204],"channel.":[42,153],"Previous":[43],"studies":[44],"involving":[45],"either":[49],"focused":[50],"on":[51,63,110,155,188],"separated":[52],"channels":[53],"or":[54],"neglected":[55],"combined":[57],"effects":[58,86],"particles":[60],"turbulence":[62,201],"propagation.":[65],"In":[66,206],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,116,161],"established":[70],"a":[71,118,213],"comprehensive":[72],"model":[75],"by":[76,130],"an":[77],"analytical-Monte":[78],"Carlo":[79,148],"hybrid":[80],"approach,":[81],"taking":[82],"account":[84],"particles,":[88],"bubbles,":[89],"turbulence.":[91,205],"We":[92],"first":[93],"obtained":[94],"intensity":[96],"distribution":[97],"transmitted":[100],"beam":[102,128],"after":[103],"passing":[104],"through":[105],"turbulent":[107],"atmosphere":[108],"based":[109],"extended":[112],"Huygens-Fresnel":[113],"principle.":[114],"Then":[115],"derived":[117],"closed-form":[119],"probability":[120,170],"density":[121],"function":[122],"angular":[124],"fluctuations":[125],"refracted":[129],"random":[132],"sea":[133],"surface.":[134],"These":[135],"analytical":[136],"results":[137,179],"are":[138],"then":[139],"mapped":[140],"initialize":[142],"photon":[143],"states":[144],"Monte":[147],"simulation":[149],"Based":[154],"proposed":[157],"model,":[160],"analyzed":[162],"bit":[164],"error":[165],"rate":[166],"outage":[169],"under":[171],"different":[172],"environmental":[173],"conditions":[174],"system":[176],"parameters.":[177],"Numerical":[178],"demonstrated":[180],"that":[181,196],"influence":[183],"particle":[186],"concentration":[187],"performance":[191,216],"more":[193,214],"pronounced":[194],"than":[195,218],"both":[198],"addition,":[207],"enlarging":[208],"receiver":[210,221],"aperture":[211],"provides":[212],"effective":[215],"improvement":[217],"increasing":[219],"field-of-view":[222],"angle.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}