{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128545059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519","title":"A 3-D Correlated Blockage Model for Satellite Networks","display_name":"A 3-D Correlated Blockage Model for Satellite Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128545059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-2974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-2974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haifeng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-3106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069716714","display_name":"Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49835588","display_name":"Macao Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sf5td35","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7943-3172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013126674","display_name":"Rongfang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongfang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8170-3618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2142372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"4555","last_page":"4568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-geometry","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-method","display_name":"Iterative method","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3917999863624573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6046000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.4652000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114563136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19725982","display_name":"Network planning and design","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150060386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574054","display_name":"Spatial correlation","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127491075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617825","display_name":"Stochastic modelling","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3663519","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7999307513237}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977326333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G72773861","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24B20187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrating":[0],"Low":[1],"Earth":[2],"Orbit":[3],"(LEO)":[4],"satellite":[5,30,105,134,160],"Internet":[6],"into":[7],"the":[8,26,64,88,96,132,158,170,178,192,205],"6G":[9],"system":[10],"to":[11,25,41,46,127,149,168,190],"realize":[12],"ubiquitous":[13],"global":[14],"coverage":[15,151,195,211],"is":[16,166],"a":[17,37,116,124,162,182],"key":[18],"objective":[19],"of":[20,29,66,90,184,207],"this":[21,112,129],"imminent":[22],"system.":[23],"Due":[24],"inherent":[27],"randomness":[28],"locations,":[31],"stochastic":[32],"geometry":[33],"has":[34],"emerged":[35],"as":[36,61],"popular":[38],"analytical":[39,201],"methodology":[40],"provide":[42],"an":[43],"efficient":[44],"alternative":[45],"network":[47],"simulations":[48,198],"for":[49,82,217,227],"deriving":[50],"statistical":[51],"performance":[52,107,152],"metrics.":[53],"Although":[54],"satellites":[55],"or":[56,78,84],"ground":[57],"users":[58],"are":[59,147,188],"modeled":[60],"random":[62],"processes,":[63],"majority":[65],"papers":[67],"in":[68,141,153,177,223],"literature":[69],"have":[70],"employed":[71],"propagation":[72],"channels":[73],"based":[74],"on":[75,104,210],"general":[76],"shadowing":[77],"independent":[79],"blockage":[80,91,121,225],"situations":[81],"urban":[83],"suburban":[85],"areas.":[86],"Consequently,":[87],"impacts":[89],"spatial":[92,208],"correlation,":[93],"induced":[94],"by":[95],"physical":[97],"dimensions":[98],"(e.g.,":[99],"height,":[100],"width,":[101],"and":[102,123,144,194,203,230],"thickness)":[103],"link":[106],"remain":[108],"poorly":[109],"understood.":[110],"In":[111],"paper,":[113],"we":[114],"propose":[115],"novel":[117],"three-dimensional":[118],"(3D)":[119],"cascade":[120],"structure":[122],"functional":[125,139,186],"framework":[126,202],"tackle":[128],"issue.":[130],"Under":[131],"virtual":[133],"association":[135,193],"strategy,":[136],"two":[137],"iterative":[138,185],"equations":[140,187],"both":[142,228],"azimuth":[143],"elevation":[145,175],"domains":[146],"proposed":[148,189],"evaluate":[150],"3D":[154],"correlated":[155,224],"environments.":[156],"For":[157],"real":[159],"association,":[161],"location":[163],"index":[164],"matrix":[165],"introduced":[167],"determine":[169],"serving":[171],"node":[172],"with":[173],"minimum":[174],"angle":[176],"orbital":[179],"sphere.":[180],"Then,":[181],"set":[183],"derive":[191],"probabilities.":[196],"Numerical":[197],"validate":[199],"our":[200],"quantify":[204],"impact":[206],"correlation":[209],"performance.":[212],"This":[213],"study":[214],"provides":[215],"guidelines":[216],"deploying":[218],"future":[219],"dense":[220],"LEO":[221],"constellations":[222],"environments":[226],"satellite-only":[229],"hybrid":[231],"networks.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-26T06:29:33.603293","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}