{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125929977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406","title":"Scalable-Predictive Beamforming for Integrated Sensing and Covert Communications: A Recurrent Graph Neural Network Approach","display_name":"Scalable-Predictive Beamforming for Integrated Sensing and Covert Communications: A Recurrent Graph Neural Network Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125929977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103096827","display_name":"Xuemeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-0173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4527-0173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123954254","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124075906","display_name":"Wei Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124070321","display_name":"Weijie Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijie Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-0046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124070524","display_name":"Yonghui Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-1123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009572403","display_name":"B. Vucetic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Branka Vucetic","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2700-2001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08014349,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"4742","last_page":"4757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.5271000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.5271000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.26660001277923584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.02930000051856041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8805999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.424699991941452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8805999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7354000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7267000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6948000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2026.3658406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079800918","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2137632745","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2156576615","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2903805593","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2998313947","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3082926577","https://openalex.org/W3111499798","https://openalex.org/W3119152637","https://openalex.org/W3155535021","https://openalex.org/W3193816080","https://openalex.org/W3193940080","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W4206957747","https://openalex.org/W4255949318","https://openalex.org/W4292262948","https://openalex.org/W4302557773","https://openalex.org/W4362500847","https://openalex.org/W4376455339","https://openalex.org/W4386360552","https://openalex.org/W4386869701","https://openalex.org/W4387885679","https://openalex.org/W4390887433","https://openalex.org/W4391454495","https://openalex.org/W4392745233","https://openalex.org/W4392940040","https://openalex.org/W4393180251","https://openalex.org/W4394711360","https://openalex.org/W4394744522","https://openalex.org/W4400070981","https://openalex.org/W4400489452","https://openalex.org/W4400679940","https://openalex.org/W4400943840","https://openalex.org/W4401387027","https://openalex.org/W4401990766","https://openalex.org/W4401990953","https://openalex.org/W4403095623","https://openalex.org/W4411640484"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"a":[3,13,26,32,94,165,183,202,223],"general":[4],"integrated":[5],"sensing":[6,25],"and":[7,65,78,121,143,151,176,257],"covert":[8,20,41,250,254],"communication":[9,251],"(ISCC)":[10],"system,":[11],"where":[12,104],"base":[14],"station":[15],"(BS)":[16],"transmits":[17],"signals":[18],"to":[19,37,111,127,195,208,216,230],"users":[21],"(CUs)":[22],"while":[23,163],"simultaneously":[24],"dynamic":[27,59,180],"target":[28],"that":[29],"acts":[30],"as":[31],"warden":[33,140],"(WA),":[34],"maliciously":[35],"attempting":[36],"eavesdrop":[38],"on":[39],"the":[40,50,58,63,66,72,76,80,105,113,130,138,144,153,158,197,210,214,232,235,240,243,249,253,258],"communication.":[42],"An":[43],"essential":[44],"task":[45],"in":[46,68,89,246],"realizing":[47],"ISCC":[48],"is":[49,55,108,125,193,205,228],"beamforming":[51,101,131,161,236],"design,":[52],"which":[53],"however,":[54],"complicated":[56],"by":[57],"nature":[60],"of":[61,75,83,168,225,234,242,248],"both":[62],"WA":[64,77,173],"CUs":[67,150],"practice,":[69],"i.e.,":[70],"(i)":[71],"rapid":[73],"movement":[74],"(ii)":[79],"time-varying":[81],"number":[82,167],"CUs.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"these":[87],"challenges,":[88],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92],"develop":[93],"versatile":[95],"recurrent":[96],"graph":[97],"neural":[98],"network":[99],"(RGNN)-based":[100],"design":[102],"framework,":[103],"penalty":[106],"method":[107],"first":[109,206],"employed":[110,229],"transform":[112],"constrained":[114],"optimization":[115],"problem":[116],"into":[117],"an":[118,123,218],"unconstrained":[119],"one,":[120],"then":[122],"RGNN":[124,198],"customized":[126],"effectively":[128],"output":[129],"vectors.":[132],"Through":[133],"implicitly":[134],"learning":[135],"features":[136,212],"from":[137,213],"historical":[139],"detection":[141],"channels":[142],"instantaneous":[145],"channel":[146,174],"state":[147],"information":[148],"among":[149],"BS,":[152],"proposed":[154,244],"approach":[155],"could":[156],"predict":[157],"next-time":[159],"slot":[160],"matrix":[162],"accommodating":[164],"scalable":[166],"CUs,":[169],"thus":[170],"eliminating":[171],"repeated":[172],"estimation":[175],"re-optimization":[177],"when":[178],"handling":[179],"scenarios.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"convolutional":[184],"long":[185],"short-term":[186],"memory":[187],"(CLSTM)-augmented":[188],"message":[189],"passing":[190],"GNN":[191],"(CL-MPGNN)":[192],"developed":[194],"realize":[196],"framework.":[199],"In":[200],"particular,":[201],"CLSTM":[203],"module":[204],"adopted":[207],"exploit":[209],"spatial-temporal":[211],"input":[215],"facilitate":[217],"effective":[219],"predictive":[220],"beamforming.":[221],"Then,":[222],"set":[224],"message-passing":[226],"layers":[227],"guarantee":[231],"scalability":[233],"design.":[237],"Simulations":[238],"verify":[239],"effectiveness":[241],"algorithm":[245],"terms":[247],"performance,":[252],"communication-sensing":[255],"tradeoff,":[256],"generalizability,":[259],"respectively.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
