{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772","title":"Fractional Dual Index Division Multiplexing: A Soft Waveform Design Toward Integrated Satellite\u2013Terrestrial Networks","display_name":"Fractional Dual Index Division Multiplexing: A Soft Waveform Design Toward Integrated Satellite\u2013Terrestrial Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114860341","display_name":"Zhaoqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-7428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060203564","display_name":"Mugen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mugen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055243240","display_name":"Peiyuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4215-6938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102775851","display_name":"Yafei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8045-6472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102866993","display_name":"Xiqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4143-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiqing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076863392","display_name":"Yuanwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114860341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43075666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1362","last_page":"1376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.7890999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.0723000019788742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.050999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7330999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Space-division multiple access","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7330999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89061704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5555726","display_name":"Frequency-division multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.4603999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778140939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3494197","display_name":"Space-division multiple access","level":3,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776635522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11883093","display_name":"Modulation index","level":4,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776208322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844071","display_name":"Frequency-division multiple access","level":4,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50661577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901831","display_name":"Time-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74982907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455624","display_name":"Frequency divider","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3635772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G42203324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004641176","https://openalex.org/W2019697969","https://openalex.org/W2024702556","https://openalex.org/W2099707214","https://openalex.org/W2112308221","https://openalex.org/W2130917709","https://openalex.org/W2137065142","https://openalex.org/W2168666855","https://openalex.org/W2170140021","https://openalex.org/W2514226893","https://openalex.org/W2558016774","https://openalex.org/W2605344455","https://openalex.org/W2612254130","https://openalex.org/W2759901921","https://openalex.org/W2951947870","https://openalex.org/W2962951066","https://openalex.org/W3087988061","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3101519804","https://openalex.org/W3132642262","https://openalex.org/W3137702119","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W3211928809","https://openalex.org/W3214727290","https://openalex.org/W4205257518","https://openalex.org/W4226242403","https://openalex.org/W4292968041","https://openalex.org/W4312285158","https://openalex.org/W4321016411","https://openalex.org/W4387164675","https://openalex.org/W4388101461","https://openalex.org/W4388544052","https://openalex.org/W4395056447","https://openalex.org/W4400770849","https://openalex.org/W4402509444","https://openalex.org/W4402673558","https://openalex.org/W4407015097"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"sixth":[1],"generation":[2],"mobile":[3],"communication":[4,107],"system":[5],"promises":[6],"to":[7,26,57,73,184],"achieve":[8],"ubiquitous":[9],"coverage.":[10],"Although":[11],"integrated":[12],"satellite-terrestrial":[13],"networks":[14],"(ISTNs)":[15],"offer":[16],"a":[17,68,95],"direct":[18],"resolvent,":[19],"high":[20],"mobility":[21],"and":[22,121,127,149,158,167,192,202],"openness":[23],"pose":[24],"challenges":[25],"reliability.":[27],"Orthogonal":[28],"time":[29],"frequency":[30,38],"space":[31],"(OTFS)":[32],"mitigates":[33],"the":[34,47,53,62,82,164,174,186,200,204],"limitation":[35],"of":[36,49,64,99,176,195,206],"orthogonal":[37],"division":[39,140],"multiplexing":[40,141],"(OFDM)":[41],"in":[42,59,77,84],"combating":[43],"time-selective":[44],"fading":[45],"with":[46,146,163],"cost":[48,175],"additional":[50,177],"complexity.":[51],"Nonetheless,":[52],"diverse":[54],"scenarios":[55],"lead":[56],"differentiation":[58],"requirements":[60],"from":[61],"perspective":[63],"waveform":[65,70],"design.":[66],"Therefore,":[67],"single":[69],"is":[71,90,116,143,182],"inadequate":[72],"be":[74],"uniformly":[75],"adopted":[76],"ISTNs,":[78],"further":[79],"aggravated":[80],"by":[81],"difficulty":[83],"upgrading":[85],"satellite":[86],"hardware.":[87],"Consequently,":[88],"there":[89],"an":[91],"urgent":[92],"need":[93],"for":[94],"soft":[96],"approach":[97],"capable":[98],"switching":[100,120],"between":[101],"traditional":[102],"waveforms":[103,155],"while":[104],"maintaining":[105],"reliable":[106],"under":[108],"adverse":[109],"conditions.":[110],"A":[111],"fractional":[112,137],"dual":[113,138],"index":[114,139],"transform":[115],"introduced,":[117],"enabling":[118],"seamless":[119],"fusion":[122],"across":[123],"time,":[124],"frequency,":[125],"delay,":[126],"Doppler":[128],"domains":[129],"through":[130,170],"two":[131],"tunable":[132],"indices.":[133],"Based":[134],"on":[135],"this,":[136],"(FDIDM)":[142],"designed":[144],"along":[145],"input-output":[147],"relationships":[148],"feasible":[150],"decoders.":[151],"FDIDM":[152],"generalizes":[153],"typical":[154],"like":[156],"OFDM":[157],"OTFS":[159],"as":[160],"special":[161],"cases":[162],"same":[165],"complexity":[166],"improves":[168],"performance":[169,193],"indices":[171],"optimization":[172],"at":[173],"computational":[178],"overhead.":[179],"Theoretical":[180],"analysis":[181],"conducted":[183],"obtain":[185],"closed-form":[187],"symbol":[188],"error":[189],"rate":[190],"(SER)":[191],"boundaries":[194],"FDIDM.":[196],"Simulation":[197],"results":[198],"validate":[199],"deduction":[201],"demonstrate":[203],"advantages":[205],"cross-domain":[207],"modulation":[208],"over":[209],"existing":[210],"waveforms.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}