{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416323738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224","title":"User Scheduling and Trajectory Design for Heterogeneous UAV Communication Networks With CNN-Assisted DRL","display_name":"User Scheduling and Trajectory Design for Heterogeneous UAV Communication Networks With CNN-Assisted DRL","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416323738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025111476","display_name":"Shujun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3213-3584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shujun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087534240","display_name":"Simeng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-3268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simeng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058480659","display_name":"Chao Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0183-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045112536","display_name":"Kefeng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-2057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kefeng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064768354","display_name":"Kapal Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100923","display_name":"Munster Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xpqh61","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapal Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Cork 021, Ireland","Department of Computer Science and CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Cork 021, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and CONNECT Centre, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785098","display_name":"Qihui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9521-5084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025111476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752","https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47344908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1686","last_page":"1701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.35249999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7626000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778002699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876057","display_name":"Multi-user","level":2,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173246807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833062","display_name":"Trajectory optimization","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3634224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542941925","https://openalex.org/W1988456768","https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2289204537","https://openalex.org/W2887592610","https://openalex.org/W2913340256","https://openalex.org/W2946763103","https://openalex.org/W2953948844","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963542767","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W3016831025","https://openalex.org/W3085794392","https://openalex.org/W3134103048","https://openalex.org/W3159790943","https://openalex.org/W3162366242","https://openalex.org/W3162720533","https://openalex.org/W3169147363","https://openalex.org/W3172086257","https://openalex.org/W3175611345","https://openalex.org/W3181869286","https://openalex.org/W4225742878","https://openalex.org/W4285028943","https://openalex.org/W4312576847","https://openalex.org/W4313476493","https://openalex.org/W4380905892","https://openalex.org/W4387789892","https://openalex.org/W4394841726","https://openalex.org/W4396688723","https://openalex.org/W4396712697","https://openalex.org/W4399728065","https://openalex.org/W4401387154","https://openalex.org/W4404563158"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,9,14,36,62,120,164,175,180],"development":[2],"of":[3,11,195],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"and":[8,21,30,38,86,114,135,160,189,197],"diversification":[10],"low-altitude":[12],"applications,":[13],"cooperation":[15,37],"among":[16,40,65],"UAVs":[17,42,67,97],"with":[18],"different":[19],"capabilities":[20],"objectives":[22],"offers":[23,111],"an":[24,44],"exciting":[25],"prospect":[26],"for":[27,104],"achieving":[28],"efficient":[29,102],"ubiquitous":[31],"communication":[32,57,103],"coverage.":[33],"However,":[34],"coordinating":[35],"competition":[39],"heterogeneous":[41,66,132],"is":[43],"intractable":[45],"challenge.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50,142],"propose":[51,143],"a":[52,73,144],"novel":[53],"centralized-distributed":[54],"heterogeneous-UAVs":[55,148],"intelligent":[56],"network":[58],"system,":[59],"which":[60,123,153],"addresses":[61],"cooperation-competition":[63],"issue":[64],"through":[68,91],"reasonable":[69],"task":[70],"allocation.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"hub":[74],"UAV":[75,158],"makes":[76],"ground":[77],"users":[78],"(GUs)":[79],"scheduling":[80,110],"decisions":[81],"based":[82],"on":[83],"global":[84],"information":[85],"provides":[87],"backhaul":[88],"link":[89],"support":[90],"trajectory":[92],"optimization.":[93],"Meanwhile,":[94],"high-mobility":[95],"distributed":[96],"cooperate":[98],"to":[99,155],"ensure":[100],"fair,":[101],"assigned":[105],"GUs.":[106],"Although":[107],"centralized":[108],"user":[109,161],"greater":[112],"flexibility":[113],"better":[115],"performance,":[116],"it":[117],"also":[118],"faces":[119],"serious":[121],"problems":[122],"includes":[124],"time-varying":[125],"local":[126],"observation":[127],"spaces,":[128,131,134],"hybrid":[129],"action":[130],"state":[133],"reward":[136],"discrepancies.":[137],"To":[138],"solve":[139],"these":[140],"problems,":[141],"convolutional":[145],"neural":[146],"network-assisted":[147],"proximal":[149],"policy":[150],"optimization":[151],"algorithm,":[152],"aims":[154],"jointly":[156],"optimize":[157],"trajectories":[159],"scheduling,":[162],"maximizing":[163],"system\u2019s":[165],"total":[166],"fair":[167,199],"energy":[168,200],"efficiency.":[169,201],"The":[170],"simulation":[171],"results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"that":[174],"proposed":[176],"CNN-HUPPO":[177],"algorithm":[178],"outperforms":[179],"four":[181],"multi-agent":[182],"deep":[183],"reinforcement":[184],"learning":[185],"(MADRL)":[186],"benchmark":[187],"algorithms":[188,192],"two":[190],"baseline":[191],"in":[193],"terms":[194],"fairness":[196],"accumulative":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00"}
