{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415124326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084","title":"Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS)-Enabled Secure Wireless Communications","display_name":"Pinching-Antenna Systems (PASS)-Enabled Secure Wireless Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415124326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbadc135-f0a5-4b7e-a792-3295459b200b","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018095833","display_name":"Guangyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1772-9234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056349361","display_name":"Xidong Mu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xidong Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI), Queen&#x2019;s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI), Queen&#x2019;s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100675165","display_name":"Li Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9723-3294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011919230","display_name":"Shibiao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4037-9900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibiao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, the Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, the Engineering Research Center of Blockchain and Network Convergence Technology, Ministry of Education, the National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Internet Security Technology, and Hainan Advanced Digital Technology and System Laboratory, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076863392","display_name":"Yuanwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6389-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081018704","display_name":"Naofal Al\u2010Dhahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018095833"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.6963,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98011624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"490","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9539999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-noise","display_name":"Artificial noise","score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.42669999599456787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.6281999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5719000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27753989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284885","display_name":"Superposition principle","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777121530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512739","display_name":"Signal subspace","level":4,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3621084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/cbadc135-f0a5-4b7e-a792-3295459b200b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbadc135-f0a5-4b7e-a792-3295459b200b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zhu, G, Mu, X, Guo, L, Xu, S, Liu, Y & Al-Dhahir, N 2025, 'Pinching-antenna systems (PASS)-enabled secure wireless communications', IEEE Transactions on Communications. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2025.3621084","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.13670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.13670","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.13670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/cbadc135-f0a5-4b7e-a792-3295459b200b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/cbadc135-f0a5-4b7e-a792-3295459b200b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zhu, G, Mu, X, Guo, L, Xu, S, Liu, Y & Al-Dhahir, N 2025, 'Pinching-antenna systems (PASS)-enabled secure wireless communications', IEEE Transactions on Communications. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2025.3621084","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790978334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG\\R1\\251180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8549509746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L232039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,42,81,122],"novel":[1,29],"pinching-antenna":[2],"systems":[3,247],"(PASS)-enabled":[4],"secure":[5,45],"wireless":[6],"communication":[7,46],"framework":[8],"is":[9,48,74,87,115,175,181,197,212,218,226,260,268,296],"proposed.":[10],"By":[11],"dynamically":[12],"adjusting":[13],"the":[14,24,36,66,69,78,95,105,109,164,169,178,184,188,205,215,223,241,252,257,264,281],"positions":[15],"of":[16,31,38,124,153,158,266,283,302],"dielectric":[17],"particles,":[18],"namely":[19],"pinching":[20,32,79,179,224],"antennas":[21],"(PAs),":[22],"along":[23],"waveguides,":[25],"PASS":[26,237],"introduces":[27],"a":[28,100,150,156,172,290,299],"concept":[30],"beamforming":[33,180,217,225],"to":[34,76,117],"enhance":[35],"performance":[37,243,279],"physical":[39],"layer":[40],"security.":[41],"fundamental":[43],"PASS-enabled":[44],"system":[47],"considered":[49],"with":[50,160,183,220],"one":[51,55],"legitimate":[52,96,102,195],"user":[53,97],"and":[54,59,135,187,194,222,276],"eavesdropper.":[56,106],"Both":[57],"single-waveguide":[58,67,258],"multiple-waveguide":[60,110],"scenarios":[61],"are":[62,128,304],"studied.":[63],"1)":[64],"For":[65,108,163,204],"scenario,":[68,111],"secrecy":[70,120,242],"rate":[71],"(SR)":[72],"maximization":[73,166],"formulated":[75],"optimize":[77],"beamforming.":[80,162],"PA-wise":[82],"successive":[83,200],"tuning":[84],"(PAST)":[85],"algorithm":[86,174,186,211,255],"proposed,":[88],"which":[89,295],"ensures":[90],"constructive":[91],"signal":[92,103,154],"superposition":[93],"at":[94,104,280],"while":[98,286],"inducing":[99],"destructive":[101],"2)":[107],"artificial":[112],"noise":[113],"(AN)":[114],"employed":[116],"further":[118],"improve":[119,240],"performance.":[121],"pair":[123],"practical":[125],"transmission":[126],"architectures":[127],"developed:":[129],"<italic":[130,136],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[131,137],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">waveguide":[132,138],"division":[133],"(WD)</i>":[134],"multiplexing":[139],"(WM)</i>.":[140],"The":[141],"key":[142],"difference":[143],"lies":[144],"in":[145,248],"whether":[146],"each":[147],"waveguide":[148],"carries":[149],"single":[151],"type":[152],"or":[155,270],"mixture":[157],"signals":[159,196],"baseband":[161,189,216],"SR":[165],"problem":[167],"under":[168],"WD":[170,287],"case,":[171,207],"two-stage":[173],"developed,":[176,213],"where":[177,214],"designed":[182,227],"PAST":[185,254],"power":[190],"allocation":[191],"among":[192],"AN":[193],"solved":[198],"using":[199],"convex":[201],"approximation":[202],"(SCA).":[203],"WM":[206,273],"an":[208],"alternating":[209],"optimization":[210],"optimized":[219],"SCA":[221],"employing":[228],"particle":[229],"swarm":[230],"optimization.":[231],"Numerical":[232],"results":[233],"demonstrate":[234],"that":[235],"i)":[236],"can":[238],"significantly":[239],"over":[244],"conventional":[245],"antenna":[246],"both":[249],"scenarios;":[250],"ii)":[251],"proposed":[253],"for":[256],"scenario":[259],"efficient,":[261],"especially":[262],"when":[263,298],"number":[265,301],"PAs":[267,303],"even":[269],"large;":[271],"iii)":[272],"provides":[274],"higher":[275],"more":[277],"stable":[278],"cost":[282],"increased":[284],"complexity,":[285],"serves":[288],"as":[289],"simple":[291],"yet":[292],"scalable":[293],"alternative,":[294],"effective":[297],"large":[300],"deployed.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}