{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413188150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650","title":"Codebook Design Based on Beam Energy Spread for Extremely Large-Scale Arrays","display_name":"Codebook Design Based on Beam Energy Spread for Extremely Large-Scale Arrays","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413188150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100691826","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-422X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-422X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuo Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4070-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4070-463X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325587","display_name":"Haiyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-0735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-0735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011461243","display_name":"Francesco Guidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-8541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Guidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-8541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046019676","display_name":"Shiwen He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-4970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiwen He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-4970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076838715","display_name":"Caihong Kai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-9267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caihong Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-9267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102211288","display_name":"Yongming Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3616-4616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97512401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"12","first_page":"14945","last_page":"14959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13924","display_name":"Internet of Things and Social Network Interactions","score":0.9126999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.83350670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5604685544967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5016331672668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4727547764778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4726732671260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4187667965888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32138118147850037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30261102318763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21808436512947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18189090490341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11807981133460999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.83350670337677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5604685544967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5016331672668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4727547764778137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4726732671260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4187667965888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32138118147850037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30261102318763733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21808436512947083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18189090490341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11807981133460999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3597650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3649809398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3685902586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JZ2024HGTG0311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5093332372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471173","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060995293","https://openalex.org/W2099647334","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2730027154","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2964003927","https://openalex.org/W3001370401","https://openalex.org/W3006557588","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3013719647","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3043521615","https://openalex.org/W3161143904","https://openalex.org/W3164550829","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4281570023","https://openalex.org/W4311414687","https://openalex.org/W4312243895","https://openalex.org/W4313590877","https://openalex.org/W4376481253","https://openalex.org/W4385819700","https://openalex.org/W4386453663","https://openalex.org/W4386523202","https://openalex.org/W4386869648","https://openalex.org/W4387790002","https://openalex.org/W4388145348","https://openalex.org/W4389924236","https://openalex.org/W4390577869","https://openalex.org/W4390692564","https://openalex.org/W4392152274","https://openalex.org/W4394828428","https://openalex.org/W4394994981","https://openalex.org/W4399099555","https://openalex.org/W4399118807","https://openalex.org/W4400525385","https://openalex.org/W4405232146","https://openalex.org/W4407128013","https://openalex.org/W4414538551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026099691","https://openalex.org/W2377486419","https://openalex.org/W2943202426","https://openalex.org/W2137816434","https://openalex.org/W2163679795","https://openalex.org/W2736714427","https://openalex.org/W2017956276","https://openalex.org/W2048606991","https://openalex.org/W2950156284","https://openalex.org/W2729961384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extremely":[0],"large-scale":[1],"antenna":[2,96],"arrays":[3],"(ELAAs)":[4],"introduce":[5],"a":[6,29,44,49,61,118],"new":[7],"communication":[8],"paradigm":[9],"called":[10],"near-field":[11,21,69,108,130,135],"communications,":[12],"where":[13,137],"users":[14],"are":[15],"likely":[16],"to":[17,34,43,105,144,150],"operate":[18],"in":[19],"the":[20,24,37,73,82,87,107,111,125,129,138,146,152,156,166,178,187,202,209],"region":[22],"of":[23,75],"base-stations":[25],"(BSs).":[26],"In":[27],"such":[28],"region,":[30,136],"beam":[31,62,153,167,180,191,197,206],"training":[32,46,66,181,192,198],"needs":[33],"search":[35],"both":[36],"angle":[38],"and":[39,48,65,94,134,172,205],"distance":[40],"dimensions,":[41],"leading":[42],"prolonged":[45],"process":[47],"coverage":[50,133],"hole":[51],"(dead":[52],"zone).":[53],"To":[54],"cope":[55],"with":[56],"this":[57,161],"issue,":[58],"we":[59,85,99,116,163],"developed":[60],"depth-based":[63],"codebook":[64,76,88,120,189],"scheme":[67],"for":[68,110],"ELAA":[70],"systems.":[71],"As":[72],"performance":[74],"design":[77,89,121],"is":[78,142],"mainly":[79],"dictated":[80],"by":[81,123],"array":[83,113],"configurations,":[84],"study":[86],"considering":[90],"uniform":[91],"linear,":[92],"circular":[93],"planar":[95],"arrays.":[97],"Specifically,":[98],"first":[100],"offer":[101],"an":[102],"integrated":[103],"model":[104],"characterize":[106],"channel":[109],"considered":[112],"configurations.":[114],"Then,":[115],"propose":[117],"novel":[119],"guideline":[122],"maximizing":[124],"overlap":[126],"depth":[127,168],"between":[128],"codeword":[131],"(beam)":[132],"energy":[139],"spread":[140],"effect":[141],"exploited":[143],"obtain":[145],"optimal":[147],"focusing":[148],"point":[149],"improve":[151],"gain":[154,207],"inside":[155,208],"dead":[157,210],"zone.":[158,211],"Based":[159],"on":[160,170],"guideline,":[162],"respectively":[164],"construct":[165],"based":[169,190],"two-stage":[171],"hierarchical":[173],"codebooks":[174],"as":[175,177],"well":[176],"corresponding":[179],"schemes.":[182],"Numerical":[183],"simulations":[184],"show":[185],"that":[186],"proposed":[188],"schemes":[193],"can":[194],"potentially":[195],"reduce":[196],"overhead":[199],"while":[200],"improving":[201],"success":[203],"rate":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}