{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412623685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598","title":"On the Convergence of Large Language Model Optimizer for Black-Box Network Management","display_name":"On the Convergence of Large Language Model Optimizer for Black-Box Network Management","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412623685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100667504","display_name":"Hoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-8324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and the Artificial Intelligence Graduate School, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-8324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and the Artificial Intelligence Graduate School, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011558650","display_name":"Wentao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-0415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-0415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145687","display_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697614","display_name":"Inkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-4433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76166506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"11","first_page":"11385","last_page":"11402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14276","display_name":"Power Systems and Technologies","score":0.7858999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14276","display_name":"Power Systems and Technologies","score":0.7858999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.7638000249862671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.7296000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6675699949264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5596825480461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.559281587600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3517847955226898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32034313678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21732065081596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15906760096549988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6675699949264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5596825480461121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.559281587600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3517847955226898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32034313678741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21732065081596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15906760096549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3592598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1180894705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-NR070834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","funder_display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G657851372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00467","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309617","display_name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04rw64z44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W2053135339","https://openalex.org/W2064229940","https://openalex.org/W2147056723","https://openalex.org/W2162232298","https://openalex.org/W2167325880","https://openalex.org/W2192203593","https://openalex.org/W2210084516","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2966968590","https://openalex.org/W2974939732","https://openalex.org/W3035235874","https://openalex.org/W3093948993","https://openalex.org/W3103451854","https://openalex.org/W3142914649","https://openalex.org/W3176994725","https://openalex.org/W4206970517","https://openalex.org/W4211070228","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285248051","https://openalex.org/W4287889135","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4312985348","https://openalex.org/W4391853669","https://openalex.org/W4399940351","https://openalex.org/W4401717529","https://openalex.org/W4402570079","https://openalex.org/W4403722405","https://openalex.org/W4405926581","https://openalex.org/W4406311637","https://openalex.org/W4409985184","https://openalex.org/W4410854127","https://openalex.org/W4412722283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2474854304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Future":[0],"wireless":[1],"networks":[2],"are":[3,147],"expected":[4],"to":[5,103,149],"incorporate":[6],"diverse":[7],"services":[8],"that":[9],"often":[10],"lack":[11],"general":[12],"mathematical":[13,75],"models.":[14],"To":[15],"address":[16],"such":[17],"black-box":[18,95],"network":[19],"management":[20],"tasks,":[21],"the":[22,51,74,78,82,85,107,117,130,140,143,157,168,184,188],"large":[23],"language":[24,48],"model":[25],"(LLM)":[26],"optimizer":[27,87],"framework,":[28],"which":[29],"leverages":[30],"pretrained":[31],"LLMs":[32,61,66,161],"as":[33,40,133],"optimization":[34,53],"agents,":[35],"has":[36,90,98],"recently":[37],"been":[38,91,101],"promoted":[39],"a":[41,64,113,134,150,180],"promising":[42],"solution.":[43],"This":[44],"framework":[45,89],"utilizes":[46],"natural":[47],"prompts":[49],"describing":[50],"given":[52],"problems":[54],"along":[55],"with":[56],"past":[57],"solutions":[58,70],"generated":[59],"by":[60],"themselves.":[62],"As":[63],"result,":[65],"can":[67,128],"obtain":[68],"efficient":[69],"autonomously":[71],"without":[72],"knowing":[73],"models":[76],"of":[77,84,123,142,159,167,183,187],"objective":[79],"functions.":[80],"Although":[81],"viability":[83],"LLM":[86,124,154],"(LLMO)":[88],"studied":[92],"in":[93,165],"various":[94],"scenarios,":[96],"it":[97],"so":[99],"far":[100],"limited":[102],"numerical":[104,172],"simulations.":[105],"For":[106],"first":[108],"time,":[109],"this":[110],"paper":[111],"establishes":[112],"theoretical":[114,176],"foundation":[115],"for":[116],"LLMO":[118,131,189],"framework.":[119,144,190],"With":[120],"careful":[121],"investigations":[122],"inference":[125],"steps,":[126],"we":[127],"interpret":[129],"procedure":[132],"finite-state":[135],"Markov":[136],"chain,":[137],"and":[138,178],"prove":[139],"convergence":[141,169],"Our":[145],"results":[146,177],"extended":[148],"more":[151],"advanced":[152],"multiple":[153,160],"architecture,":[155],"where":[156],"impact":[158],"is":[162],"rigorously":[163],"verified":[164],"terms":[166],"rate.":[170],"Comprehensive":[171],"simulations":[173],"validate":[174],"our":[175],"provide":[179],"deeper":[181],"understanding":[182],"underlying":[185],"mechanisms":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-14T23:14:49.485078","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
