{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412404108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573","title":"Movable Frequency Diverse Array-Assisted Covert Communication With Multiple Wardens","display_name":"Movable Frequency Diverse Array-Assisted Covert Communication With Multiple Wardens","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412404108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106625202","display_name":"Zihao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9881-9106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9881-9106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009796023","display_name":"Jiangbo Si","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangbo Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-4042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697315","display_name":"Zan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-6504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5207-6504","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100624288","display_name":"Pengpeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-6123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453810","display_name":"Xiaoting Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-9158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoting Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081018704","display_name":"Naofal Al\u2010Dhahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3879,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82050122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"11","first_page":"12744","last_page":"12755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5686197876930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5315427780151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4185114800930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-radio","display_name":"Cellular radio","score":0.41624271869659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3781009018421173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3548993170261383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2802063226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.10479924082756042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5686197876930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5315427780151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4185114800930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.41624271869659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3781009018421173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3548993170261383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2802063226699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.10479924082756042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2025.3588573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196647941","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","issn_l":"0090-6778","issn":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1546359354","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JQ-205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538951345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62121001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W836396136","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2021910420","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2062608344","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2164137373","https://openalex.org/W2165468651","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2578975026","https://openalex.org/W2765561517","https://openalex.org/W2771043316","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2892051286","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W3000032937","https://openalex.org/W3004201425","https://openalex.org/W3028777793","https://openalex.org/W3036889073","https://openalex.org/W3039238171","https://openalex.org/W3046207563","https://openalex.org/W3135700938","https://openalex.org/W3139528444","https://openalex.org/W3157007851","https://openalex.org/W3164862323","https://openalex.org/W3185268715","https://openalex.org/W3207350943","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W4362500847","https://openalex.org/W4362715001","https://openalex.org/W4386523965","https://openalex.org/W4387546248","https://openalex.org/W4387682359","https://openalex.org/W4387869963","https://openalex.org/W4388426836","https://openalex.org/W4388666110","https://openalex.org/W4388740285","https://openalex.org/W4389610136","https://openalex.org/W4390660036","https://openalex.org/W4393028756","https://openalex.org/W4401357214","https://openalex.org/W4403499721","https://openalex.org/W4403722203","https://openalex.org/W4404482173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2392053643","https://openalex.org/W2595182909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"frequency":[1,16,41,91,163],"diverse":[2],"array":[3],"(FDA)":[4],"is":[5,37,165],"highly":[6,33],"promising":[7],"for":[8],"improving":[9],"covert":[10,47,81,152,172],"communication":[11],"performance":[12,153],"by":[13,39,83,174],"adjusting":[14,175],"the":[15,21,27,40,64,80,86,116,125,139,156,162,171,176,182],"of":[17,29,63,127,141,178,181],"each":[18],"antenna":[19,59,87,90,94],"at":[20,134],"transmitter.":[22],"However,":[23],"when":[24,161],"faced":[25],"with":[26,103],"cases":[28],"multiple":[30,135],"wardens":[31],"and":[32,43,93],"correlated":[34],"channels,":[35],"FDA":[36,57],"limited":[38],"constraint":[42,164],"cannot":[44],"provide":[45],"satisfactory":[46],"performance.":[48],"In":[49,159],"this":[50,99],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,76,106,137],"propose":[53],"a":[54,71,108],"novel":[55],"movable":[56],"(MFDA)":[58],"technology":[60],"where":[61],"positions":[62,177],"antennas":[65,179],"can":[66,149,168],"be":[67],"dynamically":[68],"adjusted":[69],"in":[70],"given":[72],"finite":[73],"region.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"aim":[77],"to":[78,155],"maximize":[79],"rate":[82,173],"jointly":[84],"optimizing":[85],"beamforming":[88],"vector,":[89],"vector":[92],"position":[95],"vector.":[96],"To":[97],"solve":[98],"non-convex":[100],"optimization":[101,111],"problem":[102],"coupled":[104],"variables,":[105],"develop":[107],"two-stage":[109],"alternating":[110],"(AO)":[112],"algorithm":[113],"based":[114],"on":[115],"block":[117],"successive":[118],"upper-bound":[119],"minimization":[120],"(BSUM)":[121],"method.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"considering":[124],"challenge":[126],"obtaining":[128],"perfect":[129],"channel":[130],"state":[131],"information":[132],"(CSI)":[133],"wardens,":[136],"study":[138],"case":[140],"imperfect":[142],"CSI.":[143],"Simulation":[144],"results":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"that":[147],"MFDA":[148,167],"significantly":[150],"enhance":[151],"compared":[154],"conventional":[157],"FDA.":[158],"particular,":[160],"strict,":[166],"further":[169],"increase":[170],"instead":[180],"frequencies.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-14T23:14:49.485078","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}